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Identifying neuroimaging biomarkers of adolescent major depressive disorder from cortical hemodynamic responses using machine learning approaches.

BACKGROUND: There is a pressing need to identify objective biomarkers for adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed to assist in identifying neuroimaging biomarkers based on cortical hemodynamic responses using machine learning. METHOD: A total of 197 adolescents (114 adolescents with MDD and 83 healthy controls) completed both a verbal fluency task (VFT) and a working memory (WM) task during functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) recording. Five machine learning algorithms were applied to build identification model. RESULT: Adolescents with MDD showed reduced mean

Cognitive rehabilitation in a patient with posterior cortical atrophy.

OBJECTIVE: Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome primarily affecting visuospatial processing while sparing memory, language, and insight. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of a structured cognitive rehabilitation program on executive, attentional, and visuospatial functions in a patient with PCA. METHOD: A 64-year-old male diagnosed with PCA underwent a 16-week cognitive rehabilitation program focused on visuospatial scanning, attention, and executive functions. Neuropsychological assessments were conducted at baseline (T0), immediately postintervention (T1),

Loose parts play encourages spontaneous science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) behaviours.

Children incorporate items found in their environment into their play, transforming everyday objects and materials into an opportunity for exploration. Termed loose parts, these versatile, natural, or manufactured materials (e.g., cardboard, pipes, buttons, sticks) are widely recommended for supporting children's early STEM learning. Limited empirical work has documented children's indoor STEM behaviours with loose parts. Using a within-subjects experimental design, we examined children's early STEM behaviours and engagement (N = 60; 32 females, 28 males; Mage = 58.6 months, SD = 10.9) during

Detecting malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Comparative analysis of freestanding and embedded performance validity tests.

Detecting malingered neurocognitive dysfunction is a major issue in forensic context, particularly in legal proceeding/insurance assessment … ed PVTs (Rey Complex Figure Test-RCFT-Copy and Recall trials; Reliable Digit Span-RDS; Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test-RAVLT-Recognition and Total Learning trials) in a sample of 120 participants, including 15 patients with TBI (Mage = 44.40), 52 experimental simulators (Mage = 29.52) and 53 control (Mage = 29.77). Group performance was analyzed to assess tests …

Association between plasma homocysteine levels and cognitive deficits in Han Chinese patients with schizophrenia across age groups.

It was still unclear how homocysteine (Hcy) levels and cognitive deficits change in patients with schizophrenia of various ages. The present … was evaluated using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery of tests assessing speed of processing, verbal learning and memory, visual learning and memory, working memory, and attention/vigilance. Compared with the healthy group, Hcy levels increased significantly, and all the measured cognitive function score were significantly lower in all age groups of patient …

Assessment of memory deficits in psychiatric disorders: A systematic literature review.

Memory deficits are observed across psychiatric disorders ranging from the prodrome of psychosis to common mental disorders such as anxiety, … ment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery, California Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test Part A and B, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Wechsler Memory Scale, Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale-IV were the most common neuropsychological assessments used. Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Asse …

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of citicoline add-on therapy in outpatients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence.

INTRODUCTION: Bipolar disorder is associated with the highest rates of substance abuse of any psychiatric disorder. Cocaine use is particula … iew; Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report, Young Mania Rating Scale, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Cocaine use was assessed with urine drug screens. Data were analyzed using mixed-model analysis of covariance, generalized estimating equations, and logistic regression analyses that used all of the available data. RESULTS: A significant grou …

Motor sequence learning in children with spina bifida.

Cognitive and motor problems are common in children with spina bifida (SB), particularly in those children with cerebral malformations (SBM). Little is known about how these conditions affect motor learning. This study examines motor sequence learning in children with SB, SBM, and healthy controls. Assessment consisted of neuropsychological tests, a simple drawing task, and a spatial motor sequence learning task. Implicit motor learning was unaffected in children with SB(M), and their sequence learning ability was also similar to that of controls. However, both groups (SB and SBM) showed impai

Memory functions, alprazolam and exposure therapy: a controlled longitudinal study of agoraphobia with panic disorder.

Benzodiazepines (BZs) produce transient anterograde amnesia when given to normal subjects. The present longitudinal study assessed whether BZs impair memory functions in a clinically anxious group. Eighty-two agoraphobics with panic disorder were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups resulting from a combination of two drug treatments (alprazolam or placebo) and two psychological treatments (exposure or relaxation). Of these, 38 subjects were assessed on a range of objective and subjective indices of memory and mood at three time points: before treatment, after 8 weeks of treatmen

The effect of picture priming on event-related potentials of normal and disabled readers during a word recognition memory task.

Normal and one subtype of disabled readers were compared in their visual event-related potentials (ERPs) that were elicited by primed and unprimed words during a recognition memory task. The primed words were preceded by a picture having the same denotative meaning, while unprimed words were preceded by a picture having a non-associated meaning. Normal readers exhibited consistently greater amplitude than the disabled readers to unprimed words with a negative wave at 455 ms (N400). For the disabled readers, this N400 was evident, though somewhat smaller, than for controls, at fronto-central pl

A comparison between transient amnesias induced by two drugs (diazepam or lorazepam) and amnesia of organic origin.

The transient amnesias produced by drugs may have much in common with the more permanent amnesias associated with organic brain damage. This possibility was investigated using two benzodiazepines, diazepam and lorazepam, with medical student volunteers. In Experiment 1, 27 subjects received a 2ml intravenous injection of either diazepam (7.5 mg) or of lorazepam (3.0 mg) or of normal saline. In Experiment 2, a further 13 subjects were given lorazepam (2.5 mg) or saline. A double blind procedure was used. Neither drug had an appreciable effect on span-type short-term memory (except with 2-channe

[Klinefelter syndrome: is early diagnosis by screening study necessary?].

Diagnostic procedures and care for patients diagnosed as Klinefelter's syndrome, as well as the patients' coping with this situation, are examined on the basis of two case reports. Specifically, the screening for X-chromatin positive males (buccal smear) is considered. Besides necessary diagnostic procedures as careful somatopsychological examination remains of utmost importance. In cases with etiologically unclear and genetically not explainable learning disabilities, especially with reduced capacity for verbalization, the sex-chromatin examination is indicated. Because of its possible effect

Когнитивно-моторное сцепление при множественном склерозе: имеет ли значение хронологический возраст и физическая активность?

Справочная информация: Лица с множественным склерозом (МС) часто демонстрируют как когнитивные, так и физические дисфункции, особенно с более высоким возрастом и более низким уровнем физической активности, и есть свидетельства взаимосвязи между этими результатами (т.е. когнитивно-моторным сцеплением) в MS. На сегодняшний день мало что известно о когнитивно-моторном сцеплении при контроле за хронологическим возрастом и уровнями физической активности. Цели: Мы изучили познавательно-моторное сцепление людей с MS с учетом хронологического возраста и физической активности. Методы: В выборку были вк

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Background: People with multiple sclerosis (MS) often demonstrate both cognitive and physical dysfunctions, particularly with greater age an … underwent the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) for cognitive processing speed and the California Verbal Learning and Memory Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) for verbal learning and memory. Participants completed the 6-Minute Walk and the Timed 25-Foot Walk tests for walking endurance and speed, respectively. Participants wore an accelerometer for a 7-day period t …

Beyond the hippocampus: Amygdala and memory functioning in older adults.

BACKGROUND: Medial temporal lobe atrophy has been linked to decline in neuropsychological measures of explicit memory function. While the hippocampus has long been identified as a critical structure in learning and memory processes, less is known about contributions of the amygdala to these functions. We sought to investigate the relationship between amygdala volume and memory functioning in a clinical sample of older adults with and without cognitive impairment. METHODS: A serial clinical sample of older adults that underwent neuropsychological assessment at an outpatient neurology clinic wa

Relationship between poor sleep and daytime cognitive performance in young adults with autism.

Poor sleep is a common feature in autism even though patients themselves do not necessarily complain. The impact of poor sleep on daytime cognitive functioning in autism is not well-known and we therefore investigated whether sleep in autism correlates with daytime cognitive performance. A battery of non-verbal tasks was administered, in the morning after a second night of sleep in the laboratory, to 17 young adults with autism and normal intelligence, and 14 typically developed individuals matched for age and IQ; none of the participants complained about sleep problems. Two dimensions of atte

Neurocognitive impairment among HIV-positive individuals in Botswana: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of neurocognitive impairment among HIV-positive individuals in Botswana, using the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS). We also compared performance on the IHDS with performance on tests of verbal learning/memory and processing speed, and investigated the association between performance on the IHDS and such variables as depression, age, level of education and CD4 count. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 120 HIV-positive individuals randomly selected from an outpatient HIV clinic in Gaborone, Bot…

Parietal and prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for mild cognitive impairment (MCI): A pilot randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Even though studies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have demonstrated improvements in cognitive function, … rTMS, the participants were followed for 6 months. The primary outcome/endpoint was the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) list learning score assessed at 1-week post intervention. RESULTS: Thirty-seven of 40 randomized participants provided primary endpoint data. Compared with the sham group, the active LPC group performed significantly higher on CVL …

Interim testing prospectively and retrospectively boosts precision and accuracy but not bias of continuous visual memory.

Testing studied information not only facilitates long-term consolidation of tested content but also enhances subsequent acquisition of new knowledge. These dual aspects of test-enhanced learning have predominantly been examined using verbal materials. In the present study, we extended this investigation to low-level visual features, in particular visual salience (luminance and color saturation), to determine whether interim testing can retrospectively consolidate and prospectively boost learning of continuous visual information. Across two experiments, participants studied five lists of scene

Optimizing depression diagnosis: fNIRS and machine learning differentiate unipolar, bipolar, and healthy states.

BACKGROUND: Differentiating Unipolar Depression (UD) from Bipolar Depression (BD) remains challenging due to overlapping symptoms, which can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. fNIRS provides a portable, objective measure of prefrontal cortical activity, yet its utility for clinically relevant ternary classification (UD, BD, HC) remains underexplored. METHODS: Prefrontal hemodynamics signals were recorded using 22-channel fNIRS during a verbal fluency task in 171 participants (UD = 72, BD = 59, HC = 40). Six classical machine learning models (Support Vector Machine, Random Fores

Memory dysfunction in epilepsy patients as a derangement of normal physiology.

Patients with CPS often display recent memory deficits. Typically, general intelligence, perceptual skills, language, remote memory, and primary memory are all normal. However, the ability to learn new combinations of cognitively complex material is deficient. This deficit may be specific for verbal material (e.g., as a difficulty with learning to recall a response word given an unrelated cue word), for nonverbal material (e.g., as a difficulty in drawing a complex figure from memory), or for both verbal and nonverbal material. Because these characteristics are typical of memory deficits after