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Clinical Prediction Models in Cardiovascular Disease: Foundations, Clinical Applications and Future Directions.

Clinical prediction models have progressed from traditional risk scores derived from epidemiological cohorts into sophisticated systems capable of integrating multimodal data, electronic health records, and machine learning approaches. This review provides a clinically focused synthesis of the clinical prediction model lifecycle, outlining their conceptual foundations and methodological evolution across health care settings, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular risk prediction. These predictive frameworks inform both population-level public health strategies and individual clinical decis

Forecasting and Early Warning Systems for Dengue Outbreaks: Updated Narrative Review.

In this review, we examine dengue outbreak prediction and warning systems, highlighting their methodologies, variables, key findings, and existing gaps in the literature. The study was conducted in five stages: a literature survey, definition of thematic scope and eligibility criteria, exploratory review, systematization and categorization of findings, critical analysis, and comparative narrative synthesis. We selected 14 articles on prediction and seven on warning systems, encompassing statistical models, machine learning, and deep learning, as well as systems applied in various countries, wi

hiPSC-derived Organoids and Organ-on-chip Systems: New Frontiers in Neural Tube Defect Research.

Neural tube defects (NTDs) result from failure of neural tube closure and remain a major cause of neonatal morbidity worldwide. Genetic, epidemiological, and animal studies have identified multiple NTD‑associated factors, but the mechanisms underlying human NTDs remain incompletely understood. Direct investigation of human NTD pathogenesis is limited by restricted access to embryonic tissues and by species differences in animal models. Conventional two‑dimensional cultures also fail to capture dynamic developmental processes such as neuroepithelial folding, tissue morphogenesis, and spatial pa

Formaldehyde induces and promotes Alzheimer's disease pathologies in a 3D human neural cell culture model.

Formaldehyde, a reactive aldehyde widely present in the environment and associated with occupational exposure, has been linked to cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in multiple epidemiological and animal studies. However, its contribution to AD-like pathology in human neural models remains poorly understood. We utilized a 3D culture system of human neural progenitor cells (ReNcell VM) differentiated into neurons and glial cells to model chronic formaldehyde exposure. Additionally, we established a 3D human AD model by transducing ReN cells with APP and PSEN1 mutations to assess

Projecting high-level dengue increases during low-incidence months in a large endemic urban area.

BACKGROUND: Climate change projections impact dengue transmission in tropical regions, creating diverse and complex public health challenges. The aim of this study was to project future seasonal dengue incidence in a large tropical urban area of Brazil, where dengue is endemic, by systematically analyzing climatic and dengue case time series. METHODS: An epidemiological dengue model was developed using time series analysis techniques and forced with statistical downscaling from various Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate models based on Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (

The impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on bone strength.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lifestyle-related disease that develops in middle-aged and older adults, often due to smoking habits, and has been noted to cause bone fragility. COPD is a risk factor for osteoporosis and fragility fracture, and a high prevalence of osteoporosis and incidence of vertebral fractures have been shown in patients with COPD. Findings of lung tissue analysis in patients with COPD are primarily emphysema with a loss of alveolar septal walls, and the severity of pulmonary emphysema is negatively correlated with thoracic spine bone mineral density (BMD

Humane Endpoint: Example from a Murine Model of Disseminated Sporotrichosis.

Vertebrate animal models are essential in research; however, efforts need to be made to decrease animal suffering as much as possible. It could be useful to determine humane endpoints that could serve as surrogates for a fatal outcome. We address this issue with respect to infectious diseases. We propose a humane endpoint for studies of Sporothrix brasiliensis infection. BALB/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously in the footpad. To define a humane endpoint, we considered two groups: animals who died during the experiment, and those euthanized at the end of the experiment. The groups were compa

Advances in vaccine development for Chlamydia trachomatis.

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection globally. Antibiotic treatment is highly effective, but infection is often asymptomatic resulting in most individuals going undetected and untreated. This untreated infection can ascend to the upper female genital tract to cause pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal factor infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Chlamydia screening and treatment programs have failed to control this epidemic and demonstrate the need for an efficacious vaccine to prevent transmission and disease. Animal models and human epidemiological

Sex-specific effect of perfluoroalkyl substances exposure on liver and thyroid function biomarkers: A mixture approach.

Although studies have investigated the effects of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on liver and thyroid function, little is known about its combined and sex-specific effect. A total of 688 participants were interviewed and serum PFASs concentration was measured using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Five biomarkers of liver and thyroid function (ALT, GGT, TSH, FT3 and FT4) were chosen as outcomes. A restriction cubic spline function was applied to capture the dose-response relationship between PFASs and liver enzymes and thyroid hormones. Multivariable regression and Bayesian kernel m

Ecological characterization of a cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreak through remotely sensed land cover changes.

In this work we assessed the environmental factors associated with the spatial distribution of a cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) outbreak during 2015-2016 in north-eastern Argentina to understand its typical or atypical eco-epidemiological pattern. We combined locations of human CL cases with relevant predictors derived from analysis of remote sensing imagery in the framework of ecological niche modelling and trained MaxEnt models with cross-validation for predictors estimated at different buffer areas relevant to CL vectors (50 and 250 m radii). To account for the timing of biological phenomena,

Connecting insufficient sleep and insomnia with metabolic dysfunction.

The global epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes parallels the rampant state of sleep deprivation in our society. Epidemiological studies consistently show an association between insufficient sleep and metabolic dysfunction. Mechanistically, sleep and circadian rhythm exert considerable influences on hormones involved in appetite regulation and energy metabolism. As such, data from experimental sleep deprivation in humans demonstrate that insufficient sleep induces a positive energy balance with resultant weight gain, due to increased energy intake that far exceeds the additional energy expe

Association between enterovirus infection and clinical type 1 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Numerous animal models and epidemiological and observational studies have demonstrated that enterovirus (EV) infection could be involved in the development of clinical type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but its aetiology is not fully understood. Therefore, we reviewed the association between EV infection and clinical T1DM. We searched PubMed and Embase from inception to April 2021 and reference lists of included studies without any language restrictions in only human studies. The correlation between EV infection and clinical T1DM was calculated as the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence in

Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and psychological distress, hazardous drinking, and problem gambling: A population-based study.

Recognition of ADHD in the adult population is relatively recent. Epidemiological research examining the mental health impact of ADHD in adulthood is thus limited. The objective of this study was to examine whether adult ADHD symptoms are associated with psychological distress, hazardous drinking, and problem gambling, after controlling for traumatic brain injury and sociodemographic characteristics. We analyzed data from a population-based survey administered in 2015 and 2016 to adults aged 18 years and over in Ontario, Canada (N = 3,817). Logistic regression was used to construct unadjusted

Use of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence to Drive Personalized Medicine Approaches for Spine Care.

Personalized medicine is a new paradigm of healthcare in which interventions are based on individual patient characteristics rather than on "one-size-fits-all" guidelines. As epidemiological datasets continue to burgeon in size and complexity, powerful methods such as statistical machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) become necessary to interpret and develop prognostic models from underlying data. Through such analysis, machine learning can be used to facilitate personalized medicine via its precise predictions. Additionally, other AI tools, such as natural language processing and

Translational Research for Improving the Care of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: The "Ten Countries Study" and Beyond.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common and serious form of inherited hyperlipidaemia. Dominantly inherited with high penetrance, untreated FH leads to premature death from coronary artery disease due to accelerated atherosclerosis from birth. Despite its importance, there is still a major shortfall in awareness, detection and treatment of FH worldwide. International models of care for FH have recently been published, but their effective implementation requires the garnering of more knowledge about the condition. The "Ten Countries Study" aims to investigate diagnostic, epidemiol

The controversy over the use of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors: is there some light at the end of the tunnel?

BACKGROUND: According to epidemiological studies, there is no clear relationship between the plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) concentration and the development of atherosclerosis in human populations. Although some studies suggest that increased CETP activity relates to undesirable profiles of plasma lipoproteins, promoting an anti-atherogenic plasma lipoprotein profile by drugs that inhibit CETP has not succeeded in preventing atherosclerosis in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review describes 28 investigations in human populations dealing with plasma CETP, 11 in mice tha

Neuroinflammation and α-synuclein accumulation in response to glucocerebrosidase deficiency are accompanied by synaptic dysfunction.

Clinical, epidemiological and experimental studies confirm a connection between the common degenerative movement disorder Parkinson's disease (PD) that affects over 1 million individuals, and Gaucher disease, the most prevalent lysosomal storage disorder. Recently, human imaging studies have implicated impaired striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission in early PD pathogenesis in the context of Gaucher disease mutations, but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be characterized. In this report we describe and characterize two novel long-lived transgenic mouse models of Gba deficiency, along wit

Воздействие перекрестных защитных вакцин на эпидемиологическую и эволюционную динамику гриппа.

Широкомасштабная иммунизация оказывает глубокое воздействие на борьбу со многими инфекционными заболеваниями, такими, как корь и оспа, в связи с тем, что кампании по вакцинации позволяют сохранять долгосрочный иммунитет стада и, следовательно, непрямую защиту непрививаемого населения. В случае с человеческим гриппом такие потенциальные выгоды от массовой вакцинации до сих пор оказались недостижимыми. Главная трудность заключается в наличии значительных вирусных возможностей для выхода из иммунной системы; новые варианты пандемии, а также вирусные мутанты, спасающиеся от сезонного гриппа, ставя

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Large-scale immunization has profoundly impacted control of many infectious diseases such as measles and smallpox because of the ability of … ainly on protection of specific risk groups, rather than mass prophylactic protection. Here, we use epidemiological models to show that emerging vaccine technologies, aimed at broad-spectrum protection, could qualitatively alter this picture. We demonstrate that sustained immunization with such vaccines could--through potentially lowering transmission rates and improvin …

[Measuring the distance of the wisdom teeth from the occlusal plane as forensic-odontological method for chronological age determination].

As part of an epidemiological study on tooth eruption it was attempted to define easily accessible criteria for age estimation in living human beings based on the distance of the wisdom teeth from the occlusal plane. 253 cast models of 149 female and 104 male patients were used for evaluation. Due to the great variability observed in the eruption of the wisdom teeth, only a small fraction of the total number of 10,924 cast models was suitable for investigation. Only teeth with the axis being perpendicular to the plane of occlusion during eruption according to radiological and clinical findings

Early loss of mother or father predicts depression in old age.

The independent predictive roles of early losses, personality traits, acute losses and long-term stress situations for the occurrence of depression in elderly Finns were described using a longitudinal design. The persons non-depressed in an epidemiological study in 1984-85 were interviewed in 1989-90 (N = 679) and the occurrence of depression was determined according to DSM III-criteria. Logistic regression models were used to assess the independent roles of the hypothesized factors as predictors. An early loss of the mother among men and an early loss of the father among women independently p