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Evaluating the brainstem in children with breath-holding spells.

OBJECTIVE: Breath-holding spells (BHSs) are a non-epileptic paroxysmal phenomenon characterized by frequent apnea episodes, loss of consciou … ing episodes (accompanied by loss of consciousness and tonic contraction due to prolonged anoxic response) and 18 age-, gender-, and handedness-matched controls. All children underwent systemic, neurologic, and cardiologic evaluation, including complete blood count, blood biochemistry, serum iron and ferritin level, serum vitamin B12 level, electrocard …

Thyroid storm complicated by corpus callosum infarction in a young patient: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Thyroid storm (TS) is a rare life-threatening hypermetabolic thyrotoxicosis with an incidence of 0.57-0.76/100,000. The coexisten … c resonance imaging (MRI) of the head revealed acute cerebral infarction of the corpus callosum and pons. DIAGNOSIS: The diagnosis was thyroid strom with acute cerebral infarction of the corpus callosum and pons and severe stenosis or occlusion of the basilar artery. INTERVENTIONS: The patient was given 300 mg hydrocortisone intravenously per day, pr …

Cranial Nerve Noninvasive Neuromodulation in Adults With Neurological Conditions: Protocol for a Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Cranial nerve noninvasive neuromodulation (CN-NINM) via translingual nerve stimulation (TLNS) is a promising new intervention combined with neurological rehabilitation to improve outcomes for persons with neurological conditions. A portable neuromodulation stimulation (PoNS) device rests on the tongue and stimulates cranial nerves V and VII (trigeminal and facial nerves, respectively). Emerging evidence suggests that CN-NINM using the PoNS device, combined with targeted physical therapy, improves balance and gait outcomes but has not yet been comprehensively reviewed. OBJECTIVE: T…

Spatial distribution of cerebral microbleeds reveals heterogeneous pathogenesis in CADASIL.

OBJECTIVES: Radiological diagnosis of subtypes of cerebral small vessel diseases remains challenging. This study aimed to explore the spatia … .30, respectively). As part of the exclusion criteria of probable CAA, thalamus, basal ganglia, and pons exhibit greater CMB volume/incidence in the CADASIL group. In CADASIL patients, hot spots of CMBs are identified in the putamen and posteromedial thalamus; hypertension is associated with larger CMB volumes in insula, basal ganglia, and pons. CONCL …

Brainstem tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease is characterized by increase of three repeat tau and independent of amyloid β.

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer-type neuropil threads (NTs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are comprised of either 4 repeat (4R)-tau, 3 repeat ( … FTs. The proportion of 3R tau-positive NTs and NFTs in the midbrain, and 3R tau-positive NTs in the pons gradually increased with advancing NFT stages, while the proportion of 3R tau-positive NFTs in the pons was already elevated at early stages. Aβ deposits were absent at NFT stages I/II, and when present at later stages, their regional distribution w …

Quercetin treatment regulates the Na+,K+-ATPase activity, peripheral cholinergic enzymes, and oxidative stress in a rat model of demyelination.

Quercetin is reported to exert a plethora of health benefits through many different mechanisms of action. This versatility and presence in t … lination phase) after EB (0.1%, 10 μL) injection (intrapontine).The encephalon was removed, and the pons, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum were dissected to verify the Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Our results showed that quercetin protected against reduction in Na+,K+-ATPase in the pons and cerebellum in the demyelination …

Cerebral Perfusion Is Perturbed by Preterm Birth and Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Early disturbances in systemic and cerebral hemodynamics are thought to mediate prematurity-related brain injury. Ho … arterial spin-labeling MR imaging studies. Global and regional CBF in the cerebral cortex, thalami, pons, and cerebellum was quantified. Preterm infants were stratified into those with and without structural brain injury. We further categorized preterm infants by brain injury severity: moderate-severe and mild. RESULTS: We studied 78 preterm infants: …

Relationship between Doppler findings and fetal brain apparent diffusion coefficient in early-onset intra-uterine growth restriction.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between uteroplacental Doppler sonography findings and cerebral diffusion meas … ontrols. In Doppler subgroup analysis adjusted for gestational age, ADC values of FWM, thalami, and pons were significantly lower in group 4 than control group (p = .02, p = .02, and p = .037, respectively). In PAWM, ADC values were significantly lower in group 4 than control and Group 1 (p = .004). No significant differences with regard to ADC values …

Changes in the Cholinergic, Catecholaminergic, Orexinergic and Serotonergic Structures Forming Part of the Sleep Systems of Adult Mice Exposed to Intrauterine Alcohol.

We examined the effect of chronic prenatal alcohol exposure on certain neuronal systems involved with the sleep-wake cycle of C57BL/6J mice … boratory rodents. Quantification of the estimated numbers of ChAT immunopositive (+) neurons of the pons, the TH+ neurons of the pons and the OxA+ neurons of the hypothalamus showed no statistically significant difference between the three experimental groups. The stereologically estimated areas and volumes of OxA+ neurons in the CA group were statisti …

Alkali metals levels in the human brain tissue: Anatomical region differences and age-related changes.

The link between trace elements imbalances (both "toxic" and "essential") in the human brain and neurodegenerative disease has been subject … ulated gyrus, hippocampus, inferior parietal lobule, visual cortex of the occipital lobe, midbrain, pons, medulla and cerebellum) of adult individuals (n=42; 71±12, range: 50-101 years old) with no known history and evidence of neurodegenerative, neurological or psychiatric disorder. Potassium was found as the most abundant alkali metal, followed by Na …

Morphometric analysis of posterior fossa after in utero myelomeningocele repair.

OBJECT: Myelomeningocele (MMC) is characterized by a defect in caudal neurulation and appears at birth with a constellation of neuroanatomic … postnatal repair, and 114 fetal and pediatric controls. Tonsillar displacement, cerebellum length, pons length, clivus-supraocciput (CSO) angle, and PF area were compared in antenatal and postnatal MMC repair groups as well as in controls without neural tube defects by using t-tests and correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Initially, the in utero CSO a …

Radiosurgery: operative technique, pitfalls and tips.

RATIONALE: From frame placement to dose administration, each step of the procedure must be optimized in every detail for better preservation … d volumetric MRI pulse sequences (3DT1) show a contrast-enhanced signal that is useful for both the pons interface delineation in Koos III cases, and the canal ending. High-resolution CISS T2-weighted volumetric pulse sequences (3DT2) allow direct nerve visualization and give superior stereotactic definition attributable to their better resolution mini …

Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess outcomes in patients treated with gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia. METHODS: From 1997 to 2003, a total of 49 patients with trigeminal neuralgia underwent gamma knife radiosurgery. The trigeminal root entry zone immediately adjacent to the pons was targeted by use of a 4-mm collimator to deliver 40 Gy to the 50% isodose line (maximum dose, 80 Gy). Special care was taken to limit radiation dose to the adjacent pons to 12 Gy. Of the 49 study patients, all had undergone previous medical therapy, 8 (16%) had undergone microvascul…

[Neuroimaging of motor disturbances].

High-field MRI has given us a great impact in the clinical diagnosis of various motor disturbances, because the structural abnormalities of … roton density image show marked hypointensity in posterior part of putamen. Proton density image of pons, moreover, reveals "four of dice sign" representing the degeneration of the pontine transverse fibers. Another pathological condition which could be differentiated from PD with MRI is PSP. Characteristic "humming-bird sign" of the mid brain on the m …

Paramedian pontine infarction. Neurological/topographical correlation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There have been few reports of pontine syndromes secondary to paramedian pontine infarctions. To clarify the clinico … pontine lesions (P < .01). The RDS scores of the patients with basal-tegmental infarct in the upper pons were significantly better than those with infarct in the lower pons (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS: Paramedian pontine infarcts, which are usually due to thrombosis of perforating arteries, presented with a faciobrachial dominant hemiparesis with dysarthri …

[Total right hemispherectomy: neurophysiological study after twenty-six years].

Twenty-six years after a total right hemispherectomy for tumor when thirteen years old, a right-handed patient presented with disturbances o … potentials from a contralateral stimulus, were of normal latency, amplitude and morphology, the response to an ipsilateral stimulus also presenting an early potential component (N 26 starting at N 21). This exceptional finding in a hemispherectomized patient could be related to activity of the spinoreticulothalamic tracts in the lemniscal or extralemn …

Recurrent Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Multifocal Cerebral Infarction Associated with Amphetamine Abuse.

Illicit stimulants, such as amphetamines and methamphetamines, can induce profound sympathomimetic effects, including significant cerebrovascular complications. We describe a 48-year-old man who presented with persistent consciousness disturbance and repeated strokes. Imaging findings revealed a subarachnoid hemorrhage, multiple infarctions in the globus pallidus, pons, corpus callosum, and lateral ventricles, and a transient basilar artery pseudoaneurysm. Although meningoencephalitis was initially considered, further tests were negative for infectious causes of the disease. A positive ampheta…

Необычайное представление множественного склероза стероида-реактивного стероида: кризис мозга, урегулированный с помощью плазмы и обслуживания Ocrelizumab.

Трубоактивный множественный склероз (TMS) — редкий вариант множественного склероза, вызывающий серьезные повреждения, часто имитирующие новообразования или инсульт. Мы сообщаем о случае с 32-летним мужчиной, у которого была прогрессивная правая слабость, участие лиц и черепно-нервный дефицит. Нейроимация выявила демиелинирующее повреждение в левых порциях с дополнительными старыми досками. Несмотря на первоначальное лечение высокодозированным кортикостероидом, у пациента не было никаких улучшений. Последующий плазменный обмен привел к значительному неврологическому восстановлению, и для предот

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Tumefactive multiple sclerosis (TMS) is a rare variant of multiple sclerosis that presents large demyelinating lesions, often mimicking neoplasms or stroke. We report the case of a 32-year-old man who presented with progressive right-sided weakness, facial involvement and cranial nerve deficits. Neuroimaging revealed a demyelinating lesion in the left pons w…

Frontal Hypoperfusion and Cerebellar Hyperperfusion in Transient Alcoholic Cerebellar Degeneration.

A 55-year-old man consumed approximately 10 units of alcohol daily for 25 years, developing social withdrawal after retiring. For 2 months, … eft thalamus and hyperperfusion in the posterior white matter, parietal-occipital cortical regions, pons, and cerebellum.

[Capillary telangiectasia].

Brain capillary telangiectasia is usually a small collection of dilated capillary-like vessels. In most cases it is a harmless incidental finding with no clinical significance. They are most commonly located in the pons. In terms of image morphology, they show brush-like signal extinction in T2*/SWI (susceptibility-weighted imaging) sequences and contrast enhancement in T1-weighted images. Other sequences are usually unremarkable unless they involve unusually large capillary telangiectasias. Angiographically they usually remain silent. Sometimes they are associated with venous abnormalities an…