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The Electronic Structure of Some Cyanohydrins-A Spectroscopically Under-Investigated Family of Compounds.

Cyanohydrins are usually formed by addition of hydrogen cyanide to aldehydes or ketones while the elimination of HCN from cyanohydrins is easily observed upon heating. The low thermal stability of these highly boiling compounds leads to difficult studies in the gas phase where partial or complete decomposition is usually observed. Consequently, the reported physicochemical properties of such compounds in the gas phase are still scarce. Keeping with this, four simple cyanohydrins, the glycolonitrile and methyl, vinyl and ethynyl derivatives, have been selected. These are possible candidates for

Synthesis and degradation of nucleobases and nucleic acids by formamide in the presence of montmorillonites.

We describe the role of formamide, a product of the hydrolysis of hydrogen cyanide, as precursor of several components of nucleic acids under prebiotic conditions. When formamide is heated in the presence of montmorillonites, the efficient one-pot synthesis of purine, adenine, cytosine, and uracil is obtained. Along with these nucleobases, several components of the inosine pathway are obtained: 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide, 5-formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide and hypoxanthine. This almost complete catalogue of nucleic acid precursors is accompanied by N(9)-formylpurine, which, containing a ma

Efficacy of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on metabolic and endocrine parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on insulin resistance, reproductive endocrine function, lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, anthropometric parameters, and oxidative stress in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and Embase were systematically searched from inception to March 19, 2026. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (RoB 2.0) was used for study quality evaluation. Meta-analysis was conducted with RevMa

Cycloartane-Type Saponins, Phytochemical-Rich Extracts, and Sub-Extracts from Astragalus noeanus Boiss. Exhibit In Vitro and In Silico Effects on Glucose Metabolism.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of five extracts/sub-extracts and five known cycloartane saponins [astragalosides (AST) I, II, III, IV, and cyclocanthoside E] from Astragalus noeanus (AN), using four specific diabetes-related molecular targets. Methods: Four diabetes-associated in vitro and in silico targets-protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), α-amylase, and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)-were employed to obtain comprehensive antidiabetic activity profiles. Additionally, the antioxidant and prebiotic

DeepMech: a machine learning framework for chemical reaction mechanism prediction.

The ability to predict the complete, step-by-step mechanism of chemical reactions from first principles remains a grand challenge in science. The importance of chemical reaction mechanisms (CRMs) pervades almost all domains such as prebiotic chemistry, drug discovery, materials science and so on. Uncovering CRMs remains a complex task, traditionally reliant on expert-driven experiments or expensive quantum chemical computations. While deep learning (DL) studies have shown promise in predicting reaction outcomes, they have largely ignored important intermediates and mechanistic steps en route t

Microbial enzyme-responsive inulin nanoparticles for colon-targeted oral delivery of 5-ASA toward improved therapy of inflammatory bowel disease.

UNLABELLED: Colon-targeted delivery of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) offers an effective strategy for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) while minimizing systemic side effects. However, conventional oral 5-ASA formulations suffer from premature drug release and poor colon specificity. To overcome these limitations, we developed a biodegradable, prebiotic, and immunomodulatory inulin nanoparticle (INP) platform enabling microbial enzyme-responsive and site-specific release of 5-ASA in the colon. METHODS: INP was fabricated via a mild nanoprecipitation method and loaded with 5-ASA (5-ASA

Possible role of the gut microbiome in mediating the beneficial effects of the six-herbal formulation STW 5-II on digestive health.

BACKGROUND: STW 5-II is a combination of six herbal extracts with clinically proven efficacy in functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). STW 5-II contains a wide variety of secondary plant constituents that may interact with the human gut microbiome. In addition to complex carbohydrates, secondary plant metabolites, such as polyphenols, are known to exert prebiotic-like effects. PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the bidirectional interactions between STW 5-II and the human gut microbiome. METHODS: STW 5-II was incubated with human fecal microbiota in a short-term colon

Impact of Citrus Pulp or Inulin on Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolites, Barrier, and Immune Function of Weaned Piglets.

We investigated the use of citrus pulp (CP) as a novel prebiotic capable of exerting microbiota and immunomodulating capacities to alleviate weaning stress. Inulin (IN), a well-known prebiotic, was used for comparison. Hundred and 28 male weaned piglets of 21 days old were assigned to 32 pens of 4 piglets each. Piglets were assigned to one of the four treatments, i.e., control, IN supplemented at 0.2% (IN0.2%), and CP supplemented either at 0.2% (CP0.2%) or at 2% (CP2%). On d10-11 and d31-32 post-weaning, one pig per pen was euthanized for intestinal sampling to evaluate the growth performance

Microbial shifts in early life: the pediatric gut microbiome and its role in health and disease.

This review explores the pivotal role of the pediatric gut microbiome in shaping early-life development and influencing susceptibility to di … isorders. The review further evaluates emerging microbiome-directed strategies, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, considering both their therapeutic promise and current challenges. Collectively, current evidence underscores the early-life gut microbiome as a central determinant of host development and a compelling target f …

Microbiota in drug resistance.

Drug resistance, particularly those of anticancer drugs and antibiotics, poses a significant challenge in the treatment of diseases, severel … rategies aimed at overcoming resistance, including fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics and prebiotics, and bacterial engineering approaches. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical applications of microbiota-modulating strategies for overcoming drug resistance and examine the current challenges and future research directions in this field.

Advances in Microbiome Research: Implications for Infectious Disease Management and Treatment.

INTRODUCTION: The human microbiome plays a pivotal role in health and disease, with microbial imbalances (dysbiosis) increasingly linked to … nd identify biomarkers. It evaluates microbiome-based therapeutic strategies, including probiotics, prebiotics, and engineered microbes, and assesses challenges in translating these approaches into clinical practice. RESULTS: Microbiome profiles demonstrate prognostic value in predicting infection risk and severity, supported by enhanced analytical tools th …

Harnessing the microbiota-gut-brain axis to prevent and treat pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders: translational insights and strategies.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperac … -based interventions? We also assess emerging microbiota-based interventions, including probiotics, prebiotics, dietary strategies, fecal microbiota transplantation, and traditional therapies, and their potential to modulate disease outcomes. CONCLUSION: The MGBA presents a promising, yet currently preliminary, target for early intervention in pediatric neur …

Микроэкология и тренировка: целевое воздействие на ось микробиота-Гут-Брэйна для лечения заболеваний центральной нервной системы.

Кишечная микробиота (ГМ) может играть решающую роль в развитии и развитии заболеваний центральной нервной системы (ЦНС). Микроэкология и упражнение могут влиять на состав и функции ГМ, оказывая тем самым позитивное воздействие на НКЦ. Ожидается, что комбинированные физические упражнения и микроэкология позволят более комплексно и эффективно решать проблемы, связанные с заболеваниями CNS, через ось микробиота-гут-мозгов (MMBA), потенциально превысив результаты отдельных мероприятий. Однако в настоящее время по этой теме не проводится соответствующих обзоров. В этом обзоре мы изучаем взаимосвязь

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The gut microbiota (GM) may play a crucial role in the development and progression of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Microecologics … m disorder (ASD). We also summarize studies on various types of microecologics (such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics) and exercise in improving CNS disease symptoms. Although current individual studies on microecologics and exercise have achieved certain results, the mechanisms underlying their synergistic effects remain unclear. This …

Supplementing infant milk formula with a multi-strain synbiotic and osteopontin enhances colonic microbial colonization and modifies jejunal gene expression in lactating piglets.

A total of ninety-six weaned piglets were assigned to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 design. The treatments included: a standard milk formula (CTR); CTR + probiotics (6.4 × 108 cfu L-1Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 and 1.1 × 108 cfu L-1Lactobacillus rhamnosus NH001) + prebiotics (galacto-oligosaccharides 4.36 g L-1 and human-milk-oligosaccharide 0.54 g L-1) (SYN); CTR + osteopontin (0.43 g L-1) (OPN); and CTR + SYN + OPN (CON). Daily records including feed intake, body weight, and clinical signs, were maintained throughout the 15-day trial. At the end of the study samples…

The combined impact of xylo-oligosaccharides and gamma-irradiated astragalus polysaccharides on the immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota composition of broilers.

The present study investigated the individual and combined effects of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and gamma-irradiated astragalus polysaccharides (IAPS) on the immune response, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microbiota composition of broiler chickens. A total of 240 newly hatched Ross 308 chicks were randomly allocated into 5 dietary treatments including the basal diet (control), or the basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg chlortetracycline (CTC), 100 mg/kg XOS (XOS), 600 mg/kg IAPS (IAPS), and 100 mg/kg XOS + 600 mg/kg IAPS (XOS + IAPS) respectively. The results showed that birds in the

Dietary carbohydrates: Pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets to obesity-associated metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common feature in obesity, comprising a cluster of abnormalities including abdominal fat accumulation, hyperg … ger time to digest. In particular, resistant starch (RS) or soluble fiber is an excellent source of prebiotics, which alter the gut microbial composition, which in turn improves metabolic control. Altering maternal CHO intake during pregnancy may result in the child developing MetS. Furthermore, lifestyle factors such as physical inactivity in combination wi …

A Possible Role of Intestinal Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Ankylosing Spondylitis.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the sacroiliac joints and the spine, for which the pathogenesis is thought to be a result of the combination of host genetic factors and environmental triggers. However, the precise factors that determine one's susceptibility to AS remain to be unraveled. With 100 trillion bacteria residing in the mammalian gut having established a symbiotic relation with their host influencing many aspects of host metabolism, physiology, and immunity, a growing body of evidence suggests that intestinal microbiota may play an imp

The Effects of Microbiome Modulating Therapies on Inflammatory Markers in Autoimmune Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are a growing global health burden, driven by chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation. The gut-immune axis plays a central role in their pathogenesis, with dysbiosis linked to several conditions. This has prompted investigation into nutraceuticals such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation as adjunctive therapies. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials evaluating these interventions in …

Intestinal Myo-Inositol Metabolism and Metabolic Effects of Myo-Inositol Utilizing Anaerostipes rhamnosivorans in Mice.

The gut microbiome is strongly implicated in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A recent study demonstrated that 6-week oral supplementation of Anaerostipes rhamnosivorans (ARHAM) combined with the prebiotic myo-inositol (MI) reduced fasting glucose levels in mice. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a 13-week ARHAM-MI supplementation in high-fat diet-fed mice and examined the metabolic fate of MI, including its microbial conversion into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), using 13C-MI and stable isotope tracers in the cecum, portal vein, and peripher

Exploring the role of gut microbiota in antibiotic resistance and prevention.

BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the evolution of multiple drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is of grave public healt … revent or treat dysbiosis is necessary, including faecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics and prebiotics, phage therapy, drug delivery models, and antimicrobial stewardship regulation.