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Synthesis of Novel Magnetic Quercetin-Neuropeptide Nanocomposite as a Smart Nano-Drug Shuttle System: Investigation of Its Effect on Behavior, Histopathological Characteristics, and Expression of MAPT and APP Genes in Alzheimer's Disease Rats.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. The drugs introduced for this disease have many side effects and limitations in use, so the production of a suitable herbal medicine to cure AD patients is essential. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research is to make a magnetic neuropeptide nano shuttle as a targeted carrier for the transfer of quercetin to the brains of AD model rats. METHODS: In this work, a magnetic quercetin-neuropeptide nanocomposite (MQNPN) was fabricated and administered to the rat's brain by the shuttle drug of the Margatoxin scorpion venom neurop

Exacerbated loss of cell survival, neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive (IR) cells, and serotonin-IR fiber lengths in the dorsal hippocampus of the aged flinders sensitive line "depressed" rat: Implications for the pathophysiology of depression?

Impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis has been proposed to provide a cellular basis for the development of major depression. Studies have shown that serotonin (5-HT) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) may be involved in stimulating cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus. The Flinders-sensitive line (FSL) rat represents a genetic model of depression with characterized 5-HT and NPY abnormalities in the hippocampus. Consequently, it could be hypothesized that hippocampal neurogenesis in the FSL rat would be impaired. The present study examined the relationship among 1) number of BrdU-immunoreactive (IR)

Neuropeptidomics Mass Spectrometry Reveals Signaling Networks Generated by Distinct Protease Pathways in Human Systems.

Neuropeptides regulate intercellular signaling as neurotransmitters of the central and peripheral nervous systems, and as peptide hormones in the endocrine system. Diverse neuropeptides of distinct primary sequences of various lengths, often with post-translational modifications, coordinate and integrate regulation of physiological functions. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of the diverse neuropeptide structures in neuropeptidomics research is necessary to define the full complement of neuropeptide signaling molecules. Human neuropeptidomics has notable importance in defining normal and dysfu…

An outlook on the trigeminovascular mechanisms of action and side effects concerns of some potential neuropeptidergic antimigraine therapies.

Introduction: In addition to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and other (neuro)mediators, the role of neuropeptides in migraine pathophysiology is relevant. Indeed, while some molecules interfering with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) transmission have recently been approved for clinical antimigraine use, other neuropeptides with translational use are in the pipeline. Among others, hypothalamic neuropeptides such as pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), oxytocin (OT), and orexins stand out as potential novel targets to treat this neurovascular disorder. Areas cove…

Nerve-derived transmitters including peptides influence cutaneous immunology.

Clinical observations suggest that the nervous and immune systems are closely related. For example, inflammatory skin disorders; such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, rosacea and acne; are widely believed to be exacerbated by stress. A growing body of research now suggests that neuropeptides and neurotransmitters serve as a link between these two systems. Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters are released by nerves innervating the skin to influence important actors of the immune system, such as Langerhans cells and mast cells, which are located within close anatomic proximity. Catecholamines and…

Correction: Desai et al. TNFα-Induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Alter Hypothalamic Neurogenesis and Promote Appetite Versus Satiety Neuropeptide Expression in Mice. Brain Sci.2022, 12, 900.

In the original publication [...].

Bifunctional Peptidomimetic G Protein-Biased Mu-Opioid Receptor Agonist and Neuropeptide FF Receptor Antagonist KGFF09 Shows Efficacy in Visceral Pain without Rewarding Effects after Subcutaneous Administration in Mice.

There is still an unmet clinical need to develop new pharmaceuticals for effective and safe pain management. Current pharmacotherapy offers unsatisfactory solutions due to serious side effects related to the chronic use of opioid drugs. Prescription opioids produce analgesia through activation of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and are major contributors to the current opioid crisis. Multifunctional ligands possessing activity at more than one receptor represent a prominent therapeutic approach for the treatment of pain with fewer adverse effects. We recently reported on the design of a bifunctio

Comparison of the Level of Substance P and Neurokinin A in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Sound and Symptomatic Carious Primary Teeth by ELISA.

OBJECTIVES: Pulpal inflammation is often associated with odontogenic pain. Dental pulp is abundantly innervated with sensory fibers encompassing neuropeptides. Neurokinin A (NKA) and substance P (SP) are important neuropeptides in the dental pulp that can cause neurogenic inflammation. Since no previous study has assessed dental pulp neuropeptides in children, this study aimed to compare the level of NKA and SP in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of sound and symptomatic carious primary teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of GCF were obtained of 20 sound and 20 painful carious primary teeth.…

[The roles of three peptides in the pathogenesis of vasomotor rhinitis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible roles of three neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of vasomotor rhinitis by studying the expression and distribution of neuropeptides in the mucosa of vasomotor rhinitis, such as Substance P(SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP). METHOD: The mucosa specimens of thirty vasomotor rhinitis patients who had typical symptoms and signs were selected randomly as the experiment group and were divided into two subgroups depending on if received treatment or not. While the normal middle turbinate mucosa specimens of nine case…

Brain-iT Immunotherapy: The Neurotransmitters Dopamine, Glutamate, GnRH-II and Neuropeptide Y Revive, Activate and Empower Healthy T Cells, Exhausted T Cells of Cancer Patients, and Genetically Engineered CAR T Cells.

Neurotransmitters are critical signaling molecules of the nervous system that activate their receptors within milliseconds, and convey accurate, coordinated, tightly regulated and important messages from one nerve cell, across a synapse, to another nerve, muscle or gland cell. It is time to realize that specific neurotransmitters also activate T cells directly and rapidly via their receptors in T cells. Subsequently, they decrease immune checkpoint inhibitors, increase expression of critical receptors, and induce a kaleidoscope of effector T cell functions. This review summarizes our discoveri

Specific distribution pattern of nerve fibers containing catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and C-terminal flanking peptide of NPY (CPON) in the pineal gland of the chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger)--an immunohistochemical study.

The sympathetic nerve fibers originating from the superior cervical ganglia and supplying the pineal gland play the most important role in the control of the pineal activity in mammals. NPY and CPON are also present in the majority of the pinealopetal sympathetic neurons. In this study, immunohistochemical techniques were used to demonstrate the existence and coexistence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH) as well as NPY and CPON in the nerve fibers supplying the chinchilla pineal gland. Ten two-year-old female chinchillas housed in natural light conditions were us

Increased delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in rats neuromanipulated with capsaicin.

We studied the neuroimmunomodulatory effect of capsaicin on the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction and antibody formation after reduction of neuropeptides in the peripheral sensoric nervous system. Rats were sensitized with picryl chloride on their shaved abdomen or by subcutaneous injections with picrylsulfonic acid (PSA). Manipulation of the content of neuropeptides in the sensory nerve system with capsaicin was performed 1 week before or after sensitization. An increase of the DTH reaction assessed as increased ear thickness after challenge was seen especially when …

Short-chain fatty acids differentially regulate feed intake and hypothalamic appetite-related genes in layer-type chicks.

INTRODUCTION: Activation of hypothalamic neurons by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) has been recognized as one of the mechanisms of appetite regulation in mammals. However, their central effects on hypothalamic neuropeptides have not yet been fully investigated in chicks. In the present study, feed intake and mRNA expression of neuropeptides in chicks were evaluated under the influence of SCFAs. METHODS: The experiments included intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of SCFAs into five-day-old chicks. Feed intake was recorded up to 2 h post-injection, and PCR was used to determine the gene e…

Evolution of neurohormone function revealed by actions of kisspeptin-type peptides in an echinoderm.

BACKGROUND: The neurohormone kisspeptin regulates reproductive maturation and function in mammals by stimulating hypothalamic production and … or protein, in A. rubens, two precursor proteins (ArKPP1, ArKPP2) give rise to four kisspeptin-type neuropeptides (ArKP1.1, ArKP1.2, ArKP2.1, ArKP2.2). Use of mRNA in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry revealed widespread but different patterns of expression of KP1-type and KP2-type neuropeptides in the central nervous system, locomotory organs, sensor …

Vitiligo: what's new in the psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune connection and related treatments.

Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentary skin disorder of unknown origin characterized by well-demarcated, white macules of varying size and distribution. Despite relevant new research and progresses, why melanocytes disappear to induce the characteristic achromic lesions of vitiligo is not fully understood. In spite of recent findings implicating genetic, immune and oxidative stress factors, the exact pathogenesis of vitiligo remains obscure. An innovative concept based on a functional cross-talk between the nervous and immune system is emerging. Neuropeptides released from peripheral nerve endin…

Neurotrophic factors and nerve growth factor in ocular allergy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: During allergic reaction, nervous and immune systems mutually interact through release of mediators, including neurotrophic factors and nerve growth factor (NGF). These mediators modulate allergic reaction through binding their receptors expressed by immune and structural cells and by stimulating neuropeptide release by nerves. The role of neuropeptides and NGF has been demonstrated in allergic asthma and rhinitis, and, to a lesser extent, in allergic conjunctivitis. The aim of this review are to elucidate the evidence of the role of NGF and neuropeptides in the pathogenesis…

The role of regulatory peptides in the pathogenesis of cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis.

Cutaneous necrotizing vasculitides (CNV) are a group of clinical disorders characterized by: 1) angiocentric segmental inflammation, 2) cell … eptides in the pathogenesis of CNV. Despite there are not direct yet clear evidences of the role of neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis, we suggest a possible major role of them, on the basis of the activity of regulatory peptides on microvascular endothelium, on polymorphonuclear chemotaxys and on lymphocytic functions. Thus, …

The growth hormone (GH)-axis of GH receptor/binding protein gene-disrupted and metallothionein-human GH-releasing hormone transgenic mice: hypothalamic neuropeptide and pituitary receptor expression in the absence and presence of GH feedback.

Elevation of circulating GH acts to feed back at the level of the hypothalamus to decrease GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and increase somatostatin (SRIF) production. In the rat, GH-induced changes in GHRH and SRIF expression are associated with changes in pituitary GHRH receptor (GHRH-R), GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), and SRIF receptor subtype messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. These observations suggest that GH regulates its own synthesis and release not only by altering expression of key hypothalamic neuropeptides but also by modulating the sensitivity of the pituitary to hypothalamic input, by …

Unraveling the relationship between inflammation and cluster headache.

Cluster headache (CH) is often referred to as the 'suicide headache.' Existing research suggests that the activation of the trigeminal-vascular system, increased sensitivity of nerve fibers, and the release and interaction of various neuropeptides and inflammatory mediators may contribute to neurogenic inflammation, which serves as a crucial pathophysiological basis for the development of CH. Additionally, some neuropeptides can modulate neuronal activity related to pain transmission and may increase pain perception by sensitizing central nerves. This review discusses the neuropeptides and inf…

Роль окситоцина и Васопрессина в нейропсихиатрических расстройствах: терапевтический потенциал агонистов и антагонистов.

Окситоцин (OT) и вазопрессин (AVP) являются гипоталамическими нейропептидами, которые традиционно ассоциируются с их регулирующей ролью в размножении, гомеостазисе воды и социальном поведении. Интересно, что в последние годы эта роль расширилась и эти нейропептиды стали лечебными мишенями для различных нейропсихиатрических заболеваний, таких, как аутизм, зависимость, шизофрения, депрессия и тревожное расстройство. В связи с химическими и физическими характеристиками этих нейропептидов, включая короткий период полураспада, плохое проникновение через мозговые барьеры, беспорядочность для AVP и O

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) are hypothalamic neuropeptides classically associated with their regulatory role in reproduction, water homeostasis, and social behaviors. Interestingly, this role has expanded in recent years and has positioned these neuropeptides as therapeutic targets for various neuropsychiatric diseases such as autism, addiction, schi…