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Age differences in morphology of reinnervation of partially denervated mouse muscle.

The effect of age on the ability of motor neurons to develop and maintain an enlarged total axonal and synaptic volume was compared in soleus muscles of 5-8-month and 25-30-month mice, 30-120 d after partial denervation. Before and after partial denervation (transection of the L5 root), the total number of muscle fibers was the same in all muscles. However, in young animals, there was only some transient atrophy and hypertrophy mostly receded by 120 d, whereas in old muscle, a more prominent early atrophy was followed by persistent hypertrophy. Ectopic endplates were not found. In zinc-iodide-

Human Neural Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium Inhibits Inflammation in Macrophages Via Sirt-1 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and Promotes Sciatic Nerve Injury Recovery in Rats.

Chronic persistent inflammation is thought to impede axon regeneration and cause demyelinating disease also with neuropathic pain, leading to more severe dysfunction after peripheral nerve injury. Increasing evidence indicates that neural stem cells (NSCs) have immunomodulatory effects, and previous studies have shown that many of the beneficial effects attributed to stem cell therapy may exert their therapeutic effects through paracrine mechanisms. In this research, the repairing effect of NSC-conditioned medium (NSC-CM) on sciatic nerve injury and its mechanism of repair were further explore

Разногласия по полу в прогрессивном множестве склерозных генов мозга в олигодендроцитах и OPC.

Множественный склероз — это неврологическое аутоиммунное заболевание с сбалансированным по половому признаку коэффициентом заболеваемости; в США это заболевание с большей вероятностью воздействует на женщин в соотношении 3:1. Кроме того, во время диагностирования у мужчин больше шансов пройти курс лечения более тяжелыми заболеваниями. Сохраняются вопросы, касающиеся как причин, так и последствий такого неравенства. Мы пытаемся исследовать различия в экспрессии генов на клеточном уровне, рассматривая при этом секс, чтобы обнаружить тонкое гендерное неравенство. Эти расследования могли бы открыт

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis is a neurological autoimmune disease with sex-imbalanced incidence; in the USA, the disease is more likely to effect fema … te progenitors in females may indicate an environment more primed for repair, potentially including remyelination. This could contribute to the disparity in etiology in females versus males.

The systemic inhibition of the terminal complement system reduces neuroinflammation but does not improve motor function in mouse models of CMT1A with overexpressed PMP22.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is the most prevalent hereditary demyelinating neuropathy. This autosomal, dominantly inherited disease is caused by a duplication on chromosome 17p which includes the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene. There is clinical evidence that the disability in CMT1A is to a large extend due to axonal damage rather than demyelination. Over-expression of PMP22 is recently thought to impede cholesterol trafficking causing a total shutdown of local cholesterol and lipid synthesis in the Schwann cells, thus disturbing their ability to remyelinate. But the

Mechanism of action of intravenous immunoglobulin and therapeutic considerations in the treatment of autoimmune neurologic diseases.

On the basis of controlled clinical trials, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has emerged as a critical therapy in the management … t of Mg on superantigens, modulation of T-cell function and antigen recognition, and enhancement of remyelination. On the basis of our experience with more than 130 closely monitored patients, I provide guidelines on how to use the drug, kinetics of IVIg, adverse reactions, and risk factors. In addition, the incidence, morbidity prevention and treatment of the …

Altered human oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis.

Oligodendrocyte pathology is increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases as oligodendrocytes both myelinate and provide metabolic support to axons. In multiple sclerosis (MS), demyelination in the central nervous system thus leads to neurodegeneration, but the severity of MS between patients is very variable. Disability does not correlate well with the extent of demyelination1, which suggests that other factors contribute to this variability. One such factor may be oligodendrocyte heterogeneity. Not all oligodendrocytes are the same-those from the mouse spinal cord inherently produce

Neuroimmune-oligovascular signaling shapes oligodendrocyte precursor cell fate and repair after ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic stroke causes neuronal and oligodendroglial injury, axonal and myelin damage, and neurovascular unit dysfunction. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are lifelong progenitors that generate oligodendrocytes while receiving and transmitting signals within neural, immune, and vascular microenvironments. This review examines how neuroimmune-oligovascular communication and intracellular signaling shape OPC survival, recruitment, state transitions, differentiation, and remyelination after ischemic stroke. MAIN BODY: We first define OPC lineage identity, functional heterogene…

Low Dose Ketamine Preconditions Astrocyte Mitochondria to Achieve Antidepressant Efficacy via Adenosine, Humanin, and Melatonin Upregulation and Efflux.

Understanding the physiological changes induced by ketamine in mood disorders, while reducing its side effects, is likely to contribute to a … eases in melatonin and humanin are proposed to suppress microglial activation, promote white matter remyelination, and restore neuronal activity, as well as patterned intercellular and interregional communication. This hypothesis-driven overview evaluates ketamine's capacity to restore astrocyte mitochondrial function and thereby counteract the consequences of …

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles in spinal cord injury: From molecular repair mechanisms to standardized translational development.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent neurological disability through a complex sequence of primary mechanical damage and secondary inju … effects on blood-spinal cord barrier repair, angiogenesis, astrocyte reprogramming, axonal growth, remyelination, and synaptic plasticity, although many of these outcomes remain marker-driven and require stronger causal validation through cargo loss-of-function, pathway blockade, biodistribution, electrophysiology, and circuit-level assays. Bioengineering appr …

Validation of qMT and CEST MRI as Biomarkers of Response to Treatment After Lumbar Spinal Cord Injury in Rats.

The progression and repair of a traumatically injured spinal cord (SCI) involves multifactored processes. Noninvasive, mechanism-informative … content compared to the HBC vehicle-treated group, suggesting increased myelin levels and possible remyelination of the injured spinal cord. CEST APT pool (3.5 ppm) amplitude decreased at the region rostral to the injury in riluzole-treated rats compared to the vehicle group, indicating potentially reduced neuroinflammatory activity. MRI metrics correlated tem …

MYCN-mediated pyroptosis and inflammation in the molecular mechanism of MicroRNA-202-3P promote functional recovery in spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury (SCI), which induces severe neurological dysfunction, triggers secondary damage driven primarily by neuroinfl … rity in miRNA group, suggesting inhibition of pyroptosis. Additionally, enhanced neuronal survival, remyelination, and structural repair were observed. In the co-culture model, miR-202-3p-treated microglial conditioned media significantly enhanced neuronal survival and reduced apoptosis. Mechanistically, miR-202-3p directly targeted and downregulated MYCN, inhi …

GLP-1R activation restores Gas6-driven efferocytosis in senescent foamy macrophages to promote neural repair.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition characterized by the accumulation of myelin debris (MD), persistent neuroinflammation, a … /Gas6/Axl pathway activation and abrogated by Gas6 knockdown. In vivo, Ex-4 administration enhanced remyelination, axonal regeneration, and functional recovery, while attenuating glial scar formation following SCI. Collectively, these findings identify macrophage senescence induced by excessive MD phagocytosis as a novel pathological contributor to SCI progress …

Optimizing Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Surgical Techniques, Biomolecular and Regenerative Strategies-A Narrative Review.

Peripheral nerve injury disrupts the function of the peripheral nervous system, leading to sensory, motor, and autonomic deficits. While per … mechanisms underlying nerve repair, leading to targeted therapies that enhance axonal regeneration, remyelination, and functional recovery in peripheral nerve injuries. This review explores the current strategies for the therapeutic management of peripheral nerve injuries, highlighting their indications, benefits, and limitations, while emphasizing the need for …

High mobility group box 1 and its post-translational modifications: Molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.

High mobility group box 1 is a dynamic nuclear protein that acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern when released from cells and plays … ion through the activation of microglia. In multiple sclerosis, high mobility group box 1 obstructs remyelination by inhibiting the maturation of oligodendrocytes and activating pro-inflammatory pathways. In contrast, high mobility group box 1 can maintain autophagy and DNA repair functions, suggesting its protective role. Therapeutic strategies targeting high …

Targeting NLRP3 signaling with a novel sulfonylurea compound for the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia.

BACKGROUND: As a key inflammatory factor, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome p … 7 treatment improved cognitive function, enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and promoted remyelination in VaD mice. Additionally, AMS-17 reduced neurodegeneration and decreased the expression of NLRP3 and its associated proteins, Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and cleaved caspase-1 in the brain. It also lowered pro-inflammatory TNF-α …

Antibody signatures in patients with histopathologically defined multiple sclerosis patterns.

Early active multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions can be classified histologically into three main immunopathological patterns of demyelination ( … tivities to Nogo-A peptides in pattern II patients could be relevant for enhanced axonal repair and remyelination. Higher reactivities to AQP1 peptides in pattern III patients and its subgroup of Baló's patients possibly reflect astrocytic damage. Finally, latent VZV infection may cause peripheral immune activation.

Safety and effectiveness assessment of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is an established treatment of immune mediated demyelinating neuropathy including Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Recent trials suggest its efficacy in treating relapsing- remitting multiple sclerosis. IVIG exerts a number of effects, which may be beneficial in treating multiple sclerosis (MS): Reduction of inflammation, inhibition of macrophages, and promotion of remyelination. The aim of this study was to provide an overall assessment of the existing trials of safety and effectiveness of IVIG in rela…

Black phosphorus nanosheet-enabled ROS-adaptive core-shell microneedles orchestrate immunoredox remodeling and neurotrophic regeneration for facial nerve repair.

BACKGROUND: Facial nerve injury often results in persistent facial paralysis because the early oxidative and inflammatory microenvironment c … latform also improved Schwann cell proliferation, migration, and neurotrophic secretion, supporting remyelination and axonal guidance. In a mouse facial nerve crush model, treatment with BPN/NGF core-shell microneedles reduced oxidative damage and inflammatory infiltration, improved myelin sheath integrity and nerve ultrastructure, and accelerated early functio …

Neural Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: The Next Frontier in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Diseases.

The present manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of neural stem cell (NSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (NSC-EVs( as a cell-free a … stress, suppress apoptosis, modulate microglia activation, enhance synaptic plasticity, and promote remyelination. Numerous translational obstacles remain, including heterogeneous EV isolation techniques, limited scalability of clinical-grade manufacturing, and inconsistent elucidation of long-term safety and biodistribution. This review discusses the therapeut …

Targeting NLRP3 signaling with a novel sulfonylurea compound for the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia.

BACKGROUND: As a key inflammatory factor, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome p … 7 treatment improved cognitive function, enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and promoted remyelination in VaD mice. Additionally, AMS-17 reduced neurodegeneration and decreased the expression of NLRP3 and its associated proteins, Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and cleaved caspase-1 in the brain. It also lowered pro-inflammatory TNF-α …