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A Multiplex PCR/LDR Assay for the Simultaneous Identification of Category A Infectious Pathogens: Agents of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever and Variola Virus.

CDC designated category A infectious agents pose a major risk to national security and require special action for public health preparedness … iated with VHF (ebolavirus, marburgvirus, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Lassa fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Dengue virus, and Yellow fever virus) as well as variola virus and vaccinia virus (the agent of smallpox and its vaccine strain, respectively). The assay was able to detect all viruses tested, including 8 sequences representative of different …

Uncovering the viral aetiology of undiagnosed acute febrile illness in Uganda using metagenomic sequencing.

Viruses associated with acute febrile illness in Africa cause a spectrum of clinical disease from mild to life-threatening. Routine diagnost … ctor-borne viruses. Importantly, one case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and two cases each of Rift Valley fever, dengue and yellow fever were detected in 7/230 (3%) of cases. Le Dantec virus, last reported in 1969, was also identified in one patient. The presence of high-consequence and (re-)emerging viruses of public health concern highlights the need for en …

Mosquito vectors of infectious diseases: are they neglected health disaster in Egypt?

In spite of the great technological progress achieved worldwide, still arthropod borne infectious diseases is a puzzle disturbing the health … use some deaths each year. Mosquito-borne diseases include Malaria, West Nile Virus, Elephantiasis, Rift Valley Fever, Dengue Fever, Yellow Fever and Dog Heartworm....etc. Apart from diseases transmission, mosquitoes can make human life miserable. The successful long term mosquito control requires the ecological and biological knowledge of where and how they develo …

Detection of viral antigens in formalin-fixed specimens by enzyme treatment.

Enzyme treatment (protease or trypsin) was applied to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded materials and virus-infected cultured cells to detect viral antigens by immunofluorescence. The viral antigens were demonstrated in several organs of autopsy or biopsy cases of which diagnoses had been established by immunofluorescence or virus isolation using frozen materials, or suspected on the basis of serology and/or histopathological findings. These included herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, cytomegalo, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Japanese B encephal

Larvicidal activity of diterpenes from Xylopia langsdorfiana St. Hilaire & Tulasne (Annonaceae) against Aedes aegypti linn. (diptera: culicidae).

Mosquitoes of the Aedes genus are responsible for transmitting many vector-borne viral diseases worldwide. Hundreds of thousands of people die annually from vector-borne diseases, including West Nile fever, dengue, tick-borne diseases, yellow fever, chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, and Zika. Billions of people are at the risk of infection on all continents, which is a cause of international concern. Therefore, new vector-control methods are essential for mitigating these illnesses. The bioactive hydrocarbons isolated from Xylopia langsdorfiana St. Hilaire & Tulasne are trachylobanes, a rare cla…

Development of a non-infectious control for viral hemorrhagic fever PCR assays.

Assay validation is an essential component of disease surveillance testing, but can be problematic in settings where access to positive control material is limited and a safety risk for handlers. Here we describe a single non-infectious synthetic control that can help develop and validate the PCR based detection of the viral causes of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease, Lassa fever, Marburg virus disease and Rift Valley fever. We designed non-infectious synthetic DNA oligonucleotide sequences incorporating primer binding sites suitable for five assays, and a T7 promotor site …

[Global threats from emerging viral diseases].

Emerging viral diseases are nothing new. Smallpox probably reached Europe from Asia in the 5th century, and yellow fever emerged in the Amer … e, invading whole countries and continents; witness the recent outbreaks of Nipah virus, West Nile, Rift Valley fever, SARS, monkeypox, avian flu (H5N1) and Chikungunya. The complex factors underlying these new trends are briefly discussed.

Характеристика восьми новых фалеботомусных серогрупповых арбовирусов (Bunyaviridae: flebovirus) из Амазонского региона Бразилии.

Описано восемь новых членов серогруппы fhlebotomus arbovirus (семья Bunyaviridae; род Флебовирус) из региона Амазонки Бразилии. Один серотип был извлечен из фебриального пациента, три — из маленьких диких животных и четыре — из песчаных мух. Маленькое исследование сыворотки, проведенное с помощью вируса Аленкера, показывает, что он редко заражает человека. Были проведены испытания на нейтрализацию с целью дополнительного фиксации и сокращения дозировки, в ходе которых были сопоставлены восемь новых вирусов с другими членами серогруппы феботомус. Была продемонстрирована тесная антигенная связь

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Eight new members of the phlebotomus fever arbovirus serogroup (family Bunyaviridae; genus Phlebovirus) from the Amazon region of Brazil are … group. A close antigenic relationship was demonstrated between one of the new agents (Belterra) and Rift Valley fever virus. This finding is of considerable interest and deserves further investigation. Addition of these eight new viruses to the genus Phlebovirus brings to 14 the number of serotypes known to occur in the Amazon region and to 36 the total number repo …

Single-Molecule Visualization of Bunyavirus Genome Segments Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization.

The genome of most bunyaviruses is divided over three (S, M, and L) single-stranded RNA segments of negative polarity. The three viral RNA segments are essential to establish a productive infection. RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) enables the detection, localization, and quantification of RNA molecules at single-molecule resolution. This chapter describes an RNA FISH method to directly visualize individual segment-specific bunyavirus RNAs in fixed infected cells and in mature virus particles, using Rift Valley fever virus as an example. Imaging of bunyavirus RNA segments is a val…

Synthesis and in vitro antiviral evaluation of 4-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones.

A series of 4-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2-ones (DHPM) was synthesized, characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS spectra. The compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antiviral activity against a broad range of DNA and RNA viruses, along with assessment for potential cytotoxicity in diverse mammalian cell lines. Compound 4m, which possesses a long lipophilic side chain, was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of Punta Toro virus, a member of the Bunyaviridae. For Rift Valley fever virus, which is another Bunyavirus, the activity of 4m was negligible. DHPMs with a C-4 ar…

Antiviral efficacy of pyrazofurin against selected RNA viruses.

The antibiotic pyrazofurin, 3-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-4-hydroxypyrazole-5-carboxamide, markedly inhibited the in vitro replication of a number of RNA viruses including Rift Valley fever (RVF), Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE), Sandfly, Pichinde, Lassa and LCM virus. Plaque formation was reduced by 80% or more with 2-10 micrograms/ml of pyrazofurin while 2 micrograms/ml reduced by 1000-fold the yield of Lassa and LCM virus in a yield reduction assay. In vivo, pyrazofurin failed to protect mice and guinea pigs against a lethal challenge with VEE and Pichinde virus, respectively. On the o…

Can a stroke present with flexor spasms? A highly rare experience.

Conventional cell-culture viral quantification methods, namely viral plaque and 50 % tissue culture infective dose assays, are time-consuming, subjective and are not suitable for routine testing. The viral plaque formation assay is the main method utilized for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) clone 13 quantification. The RVFV is a mosquito-borne RNA Phlebovirus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. The virus comprises a single serotype and causes the zoonotic Rift Valley fever disease. The real-time cell analysis (RTCA) system has been developed for the monitoring of cell growth, cell adhesion, …

Assessing the impact of climate change on vector-borne viruses in the EU through the elicitation of expert opinion.

Expert opinion was elicited to undertake a qualitative risk assessment to estimate the current and future risks to the European Union (EU) from five vector-borne viruses listed by the World Organization for Animal Health. It was predicted that climate change will increase the risk of incursions of African horse sickness virus (AHSV), Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) into the EU from other parts of the world, with African swine fever virus (ASFV) and West Nile virus (WNV) being less affected. Currently the predicted risks of incursion were lowest…

[Viruses and civilization].

A few million years ago, when primates moved from the east African forest to the savannah, they were already infected with endogenous viruse … is illustrated by epidemic outbreaks of human immunodeficiency virus, Venezuela hemorrhagic fever, Rift valley fever virus, and monkey pox virus. Close analysis underscores the major role of human intervention in producing these events.

Segmented negative-strand RNA viruses and RIG-I: divide (your genome) and rule.

The group of negative-stranded RNA viruses (NSVs) with a segmented genome comprises pathogens like influenza virus (eight segments), Rift Valley fever virus and Hantavirus (three segments), or Lassa virus (two segments). Partitioning the genome allows rapid evolution of new strains by reassortment. Each segment carries a short double-stranded (ds) 'panhandle' structure which serves as promoter. Similar dsRNA structures, however, represent the optimal ligand for RIG-I, a cytoplasmic pathogen sensor of the antiviral interferon response. Thus, segmenting a virus genome can entail an increased RIG…

Mosquito species collected from a marsh in western Kenya during the long rains.

A total of 475,431 mosquitoes representing 8 genera and 43 species were collected from a marsh in the western Kenya highlands to determine species composition and succession in relation to the epidemiology of Rift Valley fever virus. Culex pipiens was the most common species, totalling 92.3% of the collection, followed by Cx. zombaensis (2.2%), Anopheles coustani (1.1%), An. squamosus (0.8%), Mansonia uniformis (0.6%), Coquillettidia microannulatus (0.5%), Uranotaenia mashonaensis (0.5%), Ma. africana (0.4%) and Cq. aurites (0.4%). Aedes quasiunivittatus was the first floodwater species to eme…

Animal diseases affecting human welfare in developing countries: impacts and control.

Animal diseases adversely affect human populations by reducing the amount and quality of food and fiber, and draft power. Epizootics of diseases such as rinderpest have caused massive mortality among domestic and wild animals. Extensive outbreaks of Venezuelan equine encephalltis have caused massive mortality in equines, and significant morbidity among people. Foot-and-mouth disease can cause high morbidity and great direct economic loss, and loss of markets as a trade barrier. Old diseases such as yellow fever and Rift Valley fever are still with us, and diseases such as the viral haemorrhagi…

Novel infectious agents causing uveitis.

In any patient with uveitis, an infectious cause should be ruled out first. The differential diagnosis includes multiple well-known diseases … ctious diseases relevant to the ophthalmologist including Rickettsioses, West Nile virus infection, Rift valley fever, Dengue fever, and Chikungunya. Retinitis, chorioretinitis, retinal vasculitis, and optic nerve involvement have been associated with these emergent infectious diseases. The diagnosis of any of these infections is usually based on pattern of uveitis …

A study of viral and rickettsial exposure and causes of fever in Juba, southern Sudan.

Patients presenting at the Juba Teaching Hospital, either with fever of undetermined origin or with a clinical cause of fever, gave evidence of exposure to a wide range of viral and rickettsial agents. Serological tests showed high antibody levels to flaviviruses (56.9%) and alphaviruses (29.2%), with lesser levels of bunyamweraviruses (3.8%), Rift Valley fever (2.3%), and sandfly fever (0.75%). Flavivirus exposure was significantly associated with clinical evidence of liver disease; repeated exposure to flaviviruses was particularly prevalent in those with poor sanitation and who had received…

Establishment of a Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) Cell Line and its Permissiveness to Arbovirus Infection.

A cell line was established from Culex tarsalis Coquillett embryonated eggs and designated as CxTr. The cell line is heterogeneous, composed … pe arboviruses from four viral families: Flaviviridae (Japanese encephalitis virus), Phenuiviridae (Rift Valley fever phlebovirus), Rhabdoviridae (vesicular stomatitis virus), and Togaviridae (Mayaro virus). All viruses were able to infect and replicate within CxTr cells.