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HIV and lower risk of multiple sclerosis: beginning to unravel a mystery using a record-linked database study.

OBJECTIVES: Even though multiple sclerosis (MS) and HIV infection are well-documented conditions in clinical medicine, there is only a single case report of a patient with MS and HIV treated with HIV antiretroviral therapies. In this report, the patient's MS symptoms resolved completely after starting combination antiretroviral therapy and remain subsided for more than 12 years. Authors hypothesised that because the pathogenesis of MS has been linked to human endogenous retroviruses, antiretroviral therapy for HIV may be coincidentally treating or preventing progression of MS. This led researc…

Intestinal barrier dysfunction develops at the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and can be induced by adoptive transfer of auto-reactive T cells.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with a pathogenesis involving a dysfunctional blood-brain barrier and myelin-specific, autoreactive T cells. Although the commensal microbiota seems to affect its pathogenesis, regulation of the interactions between luminal antigens and mucosal immune elements remains unclear. Herein, we investigated whether the intestinal mucosal barrier is also targeted in this disease. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the prototypic animal model of MS, was induced either by active immunizati…

Astrocyte TNFR2 is required for CXCL12-mediated regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and differentiation within the adult CNS.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by episodes of inflammatory demyelination with progressive failure of remyelination. Prior studies using murine models of MS indicate that remyelination within the adult central nervous system (CNS) requires the expression and activity of TNFR2 and CXCR4 by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), promoting their proliferation and differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Here, we extend these studies by examining the role of TNFR2 in the expression of the CXCR4 ligand, CXCL12, within the corpus callosum (CC) during cuprizone (CPZ) intoxication and …

Medication adherence and health outcomes in persons with multiple sclerosis treated with dimethyl fumarate.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that particularly affects people in their 30s. Oral disease-modifying therapy (DMT) offers a simple dosage form, good efficacy and safety. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a frequently prescribed oral DMT medication worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of medication adherence on health outcomes in Slovenian persons with MS treated with DMF. METHODS: Our retrospective cohort study included persons with relapsing-remitting MS on DMF treatment. The medication adherence was evaluat…

Features and management of kidney manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex: a real-world study in a Brazilian patient cohort.

BACKGROUND: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder resulting from pathogenic variants in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, leading to hyperactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and subsequent development of benign neoplasms in multiple organs. Kidney involvement is frequent, being angiomyolipoma the most common lesion. Angiomyolipoma can occur since childhood and progress throughout life, potentially leading to complications such as hemorrhage and chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aims to characterize the kidney phenotype in a Brazilian c

Associations of Physical Activity, Muscle Mass and Protein-Rich Food Consumption with Functional Fitness in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system, characterised by high variability in both its progression and symptoms. The disease leads to progressive disability, which manifests itself as slow walking, low muscle mass and impaired manual dexterity, causing difficulties in performing everyday activities and reducing a patient's social activity and quality of life. The aim of this study is to assess the relationships between muscle mass, physical activity and the food frequency of protein-rich products and the functional fitness of patients with MS. ME…

Иммуномодулирующий и противовоспалительный потенциал S-нитросглутатиона (GSNO) при множественной склерозе: обзор механизмов и терапевтических перспектив.

Многофакторная демиелинизация (МС) — это хроническое аутоиммунное заболевание центральной нервной системы (СНС), характеризующееся длительной нейроинфляминацией, окислительным стрессом, демиелинизацией и прогрессирующей нейродегенерацией. Несмотря на то, что МС остается неизлечимым, современные терапевтические средства (ТМС) помогают снизить частоту обострений и задерживать прогрессирование заболевания. Недавно разработанные инъекционные и инфузийные биологические ТМС обеспечивают целенаправленную иммуномодуляцию, но их клиническая полезность ограничена родственными методами введения и возможн

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by sustained neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, demyelination, and progressive neurodegeneration. Although MS remains incurable, current disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) help reduce relapse frequency and delay disease progression. Recently develope…

Структура, основанная на силико-диагностике естественных витаминов D для целенаправленного и более безопасного лечения резистентного множественного склероза.

Множественный склероз (MS) — хроническое аутоиммунное расстройство, которое вызывает прогрессивную неврологическую недостаточность в результате демиэлизации центральной нервной системы. Недостаток витамина D связан с повышенным риском и активностью MS, при этом были продемонстрированы адекватные уровни для модуляции иммунной реакции. Вместе с тем многие пациенты с синдромом MS демонстрируют устойчивость к высокодозированной терапии витамина D, зачастую из-за неправильной активации витамина D-рецептора (VDR), что ограничивает его терапевтическую эффективность и повышает риск побочных эффектов.

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes progressive neurological disability through demyelination of the central nervous system. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to increased MS risk and activity, with adequate levels shown to modulate immune responses. However, many MS patients exhibit resistance to high-dose Vitamin D thera…

Global perspectives on the contribution of B cells to multiple sclerosis: an in-depth examination and evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease, with increasing attention on the role of B cells in its pathogenesis. Despite this growing interest, a comprehensive analysis of research trends and emerging foci on B cells in MS is currently lacking. In this research, we utilize a bibliometric approach to visualize and analyze research trends and focal points in this field, offering a valuable reference for future mechanistic studies in MS. METHODS: We retrieved bibliometric data from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) for articles published between 20…

Nudging oligodendrocyte intrinsic signaling to remyelinate and repair: Estrogen receptor ligand effects.

Demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) leads to significant, progressive axonal and neuronal degeneration. Currently existing immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies alleviate MS symptoms and slow, but fail to prevent or reverse, disease progression. Restoration of damaged myelin sheath by replenishment of mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) should not only restore saltatory axon conduction, but also provide a major boost to axon survival. Our previous work has shown that therapeutic treatment with the modestly selective generic estrogen receptor (ER) β agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN) c…

[Diagnosis and treatment of Gaucher disease in Croatia].

Gaucher disease is the most common lysosomal storage disorder. Incidence of disease is around 1:40-60,000 inhabitants and it is assuming tha … with inherited metabolic disorders, adenosine deaminase deficiency, chronic myeloid leukemia, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, juvenile arthritis and ovarian cancer. Until now 11 adult patients and 2 children with Gaucher disease were diagnosed in Croatia and all are on enzyme replacement therapy with imiglucerase. According to our experience administration of imiglucerase …

Using the Progression Independent of Relapse Activity Framework to Unveil the Pathobiological Foundations of Multiple Sclerosis.

Progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA), a recent concept to formalize disability accrual in multiple sclerosis (MS) independent of relapses, has gained popularity as a potential clinical trial outcome. We discuss its shortcomings and appraise the challenges of implementing it in clinical settings, experimental trials, and research. The current definition of PIRA assumes that acute inflammation, which can manifest as a relapse, and neurodegeneration, manifesting as progressive disability accrual, can be disentangled by introducing specific time windows between the onset of relapses …

[Met5]-enkephalin preserves diffusion metrics in EAE mice.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic progressive neurological disorder that has few distinctive biomarkers associated with disease progression or response to therapy. This research investigated whether non-invasive imaging correlated with animal behavior and morphological indicators of disease in response to serum levels of [Met5]-enkephalin. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, adult female C57BL/6 J mice were randomized to receive daily injections of 0.1 mg/kg naltrexone (NTX) (= low dose naltrexone, LDN), 10 mg/kg Opioid Growth Factor (OGF) (chemically termed [Met5]-e…

Perilesional neurodegenerative injury in multiple sclerosis: Relation to focal lesions and impact on disability.

BACKGROUND: Axonal injury is the primary source of irreversible neurological decline in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Identifying and quantifying myelin and axonal loss in lesional and perilesional tissue in vivo is fundamental for a better understanding of multiple sclerosis (MS) outcomes and patient impairment. Using advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, consisting of selective inversion recovery quantitative magnetization transfer imaging (SIR-qMT) and multi-compartment diffusion MRI with the spherical mean technique (SMT), we conducted a cross-sectional pilot study t…

Therapeutic Insights into Natural Products for Modulating Neurodegenerative Disease Pathways.

INTRODUCTION: Neurodegenerative Disorders (NDs), such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), are chronic and progressive conditions marked by the gradual loss of neuronal structure and function. These disorders lead to cognitive, motor, and sensory decline, significantly reducing quality of life and posing a major global health burden due to rising healthcare costs and the absence of curative therapies. This review aims to comprehensively explore the therapeutic potential of natural products in targeting cellular and molecula

Modulating the Gut Microbiome as a Therapeutic Approach in Multiple Sclerosis: Implications for Gut-Brain Interactions and Immune Pathways: A Narrative Review.

PURPOSE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by progressive disability. Emerging evidence has implicated gut microbiome dysbiosis, characterized by decreased short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing taxa and increased pro-inflammatory species, in disturbed immune signaling, T-helper17/T-regulatory cells imbalance, disturbed tryptophan metabolism, and disrupted integrity of the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we summarize the mechanistic and therapeutic insights from studies that have explored the gut microbiome in MS. METHO…

Multiple-Site Lichen Planus: An Italian Case Series of 44 Patients.

Background: Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorder affecting skin, mucosae, nails, and appendages, often with significant impact on quality of life. While associations between oral LP (OLP) and other localizations have been described, comprehensive analyses of patients presenting with multiple LP localizations remain limited. The aim of the study was describing the association of multisite LP among our patients in order to contribute to knowledge about this rare, but possible, clinical situation and its clinical implications in terms of follow-up. Methods: We con

Exploring the role of genetic variants in susceptibility to autoimmune Diseases: A molecular genetics approach.

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and progressive organ damage. These conditions affect millions worldwide and often result in long-term disability. The underlying reasons for increased vulnerability remain uncertain, particularly regarding the combined influence of genetic variations and lifestyle factors on disease risk. The purpose of this study is to identify key genetic variants associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes, and to investigate ho…

Musical intervention to reduce stress during botulinum toxin injection for spasticity: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial (MUSIBOT).

INTRODUCTION: Botulinum toxin injections are a common treatment for managing spasticity resulting from central nervous system damage, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury. However, the injections are associated with perceived pain, and many patients experience significant anticipatory stress regarding future sessions. The intensity of this stress varies among individuals. Music therapy, particularly receptive musical interventions structured around a U-shaped sequence, promotes progressive relaxation through distinct musical phases. This method has demonstrated effi…

Pilot functional magnetic resonance imaging study of clemastine-aided functional recovery on a mouse model of demyelination.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease characterized by autoimmune attacks on myelin sheaths. Its deleterious effects may be reversed by remyelination, a process that restores the integrity of myelin sheaths and, consequently, neuronal function. However, the functional implications of demyelination and remyelination in MS, as well as the potential impact of therapeutic interventions, remain incompletely understood. We used noninvasive longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in a cuprizone murine model of demyelination to investigate thes…