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Transient facial nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy) following intranasal delivery of a genetically detoxified mutant of Escherichia coli heat labile toxin.

BACKGROUND: An association was previously established between facial nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy) and intranasal administration of an inac … e palsies 44 and 60 days after passive nasal instillation of LTK63, possibly a result of retrograde axonal transport after neuronal ganglioside binding or an inflammatory immune response, but without exaggerated immune responses to LTK63. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: While the unique anatomical predisposition of the facial nerve to compression suggests nasal deliver …

[Visual functional changes in patients with pituitary adenoma: results of transnasal-transsphenoidal tumor removal].

The study was based on the analysis of case histories of 371 patients with pituitary adenoma who were examined and treated at the Acad. N. N … by timely decompression of visual fibers and their better blood supply. Functional block cessation, axonal transport recovery, and, probably, visual fiber remyelination result in positive changes in the late postoperative period.

[Neuro-MR-findings in primary panhypopituitarism].

Congenital panhypopituitarism is a rare disease. It may be a complication of tumors, craniocerebral trauma, infection, granulomatous diseases, vascular pathologies, etc. In many cases no primary disease causing panhypopituitarism is found (idiopathic form). A potential reason is interruption of the pituitary stalk due to ischemic etiology in patients with cord encirclement and/or other birth injuries leading to interruption of the axonal transport of ADH and oxytocin as well as hypothalamic releasing hormones. This explains the ectopy of the neurohypophysis without diabetes insipidus and the h…

[A study of acute infection of herpes simplex virus in mouse trigeminal ganglia].

We investigated the shift to latency and protective reaction in mice trigeminal ganglia after inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HS … inoculation. These results show that HSV-1 that reached the trigeminal ganglion from the cornea by axonal transport infected neuronal cells, multiplied there and then disappeared resulting in latency. Cellular immunity, especially the function of CD4+ cells, played a main role in this protective reaction by suppressing the viral growth.

Neuroanatomical considerations of palatal muscles: tensor and levator veli palatini.

The tensor veli palatini (TVP) and levator veli palatini (LVP) muscles are intimately associated with the soft palate and knowledge of their anatomy and physiology is essential for palatoplasty. Controversy regarding the function and innervation of these muscles still exists. The purpose of this study was to identify the location of motoneurons within the brainstem which innervate the TVP and LVP using the current neuroanatomical tracing technique of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP was injected into each of these muscles in adult cats. Following a twenty-four h…

Morphological, molecular, and functional characterization of mouse glutamatergic myenteric neurons.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) functions largely independently of the central nervous system (CNS). Glutamate, the dominant neurotransmitter in the CNS and sensory afferents, is not a primary neurotransmitter in the ENS. Only a fraction (∼2%) of myenteric neurons in the mouse distal colon and rectum (colorectum) are positive for vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (VGLUT2), the structure and function of which remain undetermined. Here, we systematically characterized VGLUT2-positive enteric neurons (VGLUT2-ENs) through sparse labeling with adeno-associated virus, single-cell mRNA sequenci

TFG regulates secretory and endosomal sorting pathways in neurons to promote their activity and maintenance.

Molecular pathways that intrinsically regulate neuronal maintenance are poorly understood, but rare pathogenic mutations that underlie neurodegenerative disease can offer important insights into the mechanisms that facilitate lifelong neuronal function. Here, we leverage a rat model to demonstrate directly that the TFG p.R106C variant implicated previously in complicated forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) underlies progressive spastic paraparesis with accompanying ventriculomegaly and thinning of the corpus callosum, consistent with disease phenotypes identified in adolescent patient

Avian adeno-associated virus as an anterograde transsynaptic vector.

BACKGROUND: Retrograde and anterograde transsynaptic viral vectors are useful tools for studying the input and output organization of neuronal circuitry, respectively. While retrograde transsynaptic viral vectors are widely used, viral vectors that show anterograde transsynaptic transduction are not common. NEW METHOD: We chose recombinant avian adeno-associated virus (A3V) carrying the mCherry gene and injected it into the eyeball, cochlear duct, and midbrain auditory center of chickens. We observed different survival times to examine the virus transcellular transport and the resulting mCher

Endothelin-1 Mediated Decrease in Mitochondrial Gene Expression and Bioenergetics Contribute to Neurodegeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoactive peptide that is elevated in aqueous humor as well as circulation of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. ET-1 has been shown to promote degeneration of optic nerve axons and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), however, the precise mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this study, RNA-seq analysis was used to assess changes in ET-1 mediated gene expression in primary RGCs, which revealed that 23 out of 156 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) had known or predicted mitochondrial function, of which oxidative phosphorylation emerged as the t

Divergent roles of astrocytic versus neuronal EAAT2 deficiency on cognition and overlap with aging and Alzheimer's molecular signatures.

The excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is the major glutamate transporter in the brain expressed predominantly in astrocytes and at low levels in neurons and axonal terminals. EAAT2 expression is reduced in aging and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients' brains. The role EAAT2 plays in cognitive aging and its associated mechanisms remains largely unknown. Here, we show that conditional deletion of astrocytic and neuronal EAAT2 results in age-related cognitive deficits. Astrocytic, but not neuronal EAAT2, deletion leads to early deficits in short-term memory and in spatial refere

The Human Blood-Nerve Barrier Transcriptome.

The blood-nerve barrier (BNB), formed by tight junction-forming microvessels within peripheral nerve endoneurium, exists to regulate its internal microenvironment essential for effective axonal signal transduction. Relatively little is known about the unique human BNB molecular composition. Such knowledge is crucial to comprehend the relationships between the systemic circulation and peripheral nerves in health, adaptations to intrinsic or extrinsic perturbations and alterations that may result in disease. We performed RNA-sequencing on cultured early- and late-passage adult primary human endo

Expression of EAAT2 in neurons and protoplasmic astrocytes during human cortical development.

The major regulators of synaptic glutamate in the cerebral cortex are the excitatory amino acid transporters 1-3 (EAAT1-3). In this study, we determined the cellular and temporal expression of EAAT1-3 in the developing human cerebral cortex. We applied single- and double-label immunocytochemistry to normative frontal or parietal (associative) cortex samples from 14 cases ranging in age from 23 gestational weeks to 2.5 postnatal years. The most striking finding was the transient expression of EAAT2 in layer V pyramidal neuronal cell bodies up until 8 postnatal months prior to its expression in

ATP7A-related copper transport diseases-emerging concepts and future trends.

This Review summarizes recent advances in understanding copper-transporting ATPase 1 (ATP7A), and examines the neurological phenotypes associated with dysfunction of this protein. Involvement of ATP7A in axonal outgrowth, synapse integrity and neuronal activation underscores the fundamental importance of copper metabolism to neurological function. Defects in ATP7A cause Menkes disease, an infantile-onset, lethal condition. Neonatal diagnosis and early treatment with copper injections enhance survival in patients with this disease, and can normalize clinical outcomes if mutant ATP7A molecules r

Organization of the descending projections from the parabrachial nucleus to the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex and spinal dorsal horn in the rat.

To clarify direct descending projections from the parabrachial nucleus (PB) to the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC) and spinal dorsal horn (SpDH), the origin and termination of descending tract cells were examined by the anterograde and retrograde transport methods. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and Fluorogold (FG) or dextran-tetramethylrhodamine (Rho) were used as neuronal tracers for the anterograde and retrograde transport, respectively. The ventrolateral PB, including Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), sent axons terminating mainly in the ventrolateral parts of rostral trige

Ultrastructural characterization of peri-synaptic astrocytic processes around cerebellar Purkinje spines under resting and stimulated conditions.

In mammalian brains, astroglia presence near glutamatergic excitatory synapses has generated the term "tripartite" junctions, based on the close association of astrocytic processes near the active zone formed by presynaptic axonal terminal and postsynaptic dendritic spines. One major function of these astrocytic processes is to take up glutamate that spill out of the synaptic cleft during activity, via glutamate transporters located on astroglial plasma membrane. Comapred to other regions of the brain, the cerebellar Purkinje spines in the molecular layer are virtually completely ensheathed by

Neuronal expression of herpes simplex virus-1 VP16 protein induces pseudorabies virus escape from silencing and reactivation.

Alpha herpesvirus (α-HV) particles enter their hosts from mucosal surfaces and efficiently maintain fast transport in peripheral nervous system (PNS) axons to establish infections in the peripheral ganglia. The path from axons to distant neuronal nuclei is challenging to dissect due to the difficulty of monitoring early events in a dispersed neuron culture model. We have established well-controlled, reproducible, and reactivateable latent infections in compartmented rodent neurons by infecting physically isolated axons with a small number of viral particles. This system not only recapitulates

Rabies Virus Exploits Cytoskeleton Network to Cause Early Disease Progression and Cellular Dysfunction.

Rabies virus (RABV) is a cunning neurotropic pathogen and causes top priority neglected tropical diseases in the developing world. The genom … bule cytoskeleton are involved in multifaceted pathways to influence the retrograde and anterograde axonal transport of RABV. In this review, all the available scientific results regarding cytoskeleton elements and their possible interactions with RABV have been collected through systematic methodology, and thereby interpreted to explain sneaky features of RABV. T …

Selective neuronal degeneration in Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that generally begins in middle age with abnormalities of movement, co … D indicates that expression of the polyQ-expanded form of huntingtin results in early impairment of axonal transport and mitochondrial function. As well, alteration in activity of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) type glutamate receptor, which has been implicated as a main mediator of excitotoxic neuronal death, especially in the striatum, is an early effect of mut …

Colchicine treatment of the sciatic nerve reduces neurogenic extravasation, but does not affect nociceptive thresholds or collateral sprouting in neuropathic or normal rats.

The effect of topical colchicine treatment of the sciatic nerve on sciatic and saphenous nociceptive thresholds and neurogenic extra-vasatio … f the sciatic nerve has no effect on the development of hyperalgesia or autotomy. Colchicine blocks axonal transport in peripheral nerve, including the orthograde transport of tachykinins, which probably explains its ability to induce prolonged reductions in sciatic neurogenic extravasation at concentrations that spare C-fiber nociceptor function. Sciatic nerve co …

Интракраниальная интоксикация больше потенциала, чем инфракрасная интоксикация для инъекции оптического неврита в вирусе мышечной гепатитной модели множественного склероза.

Нейротропические штаммы вируса гепатита мыши (МГВ) вызывают сильное воспаление и хроническое обезвоживание спинного мозга и зрительные нервы, опосредованные аксонным распространением после внутричерепной интоксикации в мышах, с патологическими характеристиками, схожими с множественным склерозом человека. Демиэлизация спинного мозга также происходит после внутриназальной прививки с нейротропическими штаммами MHV, несмотря на то, что требуется гораздо больше вирусных доз по сравнению с внутричерепной прививкой. Недавно было показано, что внутринациональное регулирование низких концентраций белко

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Neurotropic strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) induce acute inflammation and chronic demyelination in the spinal cord and optic nerves m … otropic effects of RSA59 following intracranial inoculation, and suggest that direct infection with axonal transport of virus from brain to spinal cord and optic nerve is required to induce demyelinating disease. These studies suggest that MHV does not selectively concentrate in optic nerve and retina to sufficient levels to induce demyelination following intranas …