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Military Exposures Research: A State-of-the-Art Review.

INTRODUCTION: Military personnel encounter a wide range of environmental and occupational exposures during their service such as burn pit sm … ns) followed by Vietnam War (277, 11.9%), Post-9/11 Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan (191, 8.2%), Aircraft Mechanics and Ground Support (176, 7.6%), and Munition Emissions and Embedded Fragments (164, 7.1%). Each remaining cohort individually represented < 4% of the literature. Six cohorts appeared only in non-peer-reviewed reports. The type of research …

Comparison of neurotoxic effects and potential risks from oral administration or ingestion of tricresyl phosphate and jet engine oil containing tricresyl phosphate.

Neurotoxicity of tricresyl phosphates (TCPs) and jet engine oil (JEO) containing TCPs were evaluated in studies conducted in both rat and he … virtually impossible for a person to receive enough JEO + 3% TCP in the normal workplace (or in an aircraft) to cause such toxicity. There is no record of a JEO formulated with the modern "conventional" TCP causing human neurotoxicity.

Health and environmental consequences of the world trade center disaster.

The attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) created an acute environmental disaster of enormous magnitude. This study characterizes the environmental exposures resulting from destruction of the WTC and assesses their effects on health. Methods include ambient air sampling; analyses of outdoor and indoor settled dust; high-altitude imaging and modeling of the atmospheric plume; inhalation studies of WTC dust in mice; and clinical examinations, community surveys, and prospective epidemiologic studies of exposed populations. WTC dust was found to consist predominantly (95%) of coarse particles and

Insulin Administration Safety Profile During Military En Route Critical Care Transports.

INTRODUCTION: The aeromedical evacuation environment introduces unique logistical and physiological stressors for both patients and medical staff. Treating critically ill patients in confined spaces, under low-light conditions, amid aircraft noise, and with limited resources increases the risk of adverse drug events (ADEs). However, the true frequency and impact of medication errors in the en route care (ERC) setting remain poorly documented in both civilian and military sectors. In-flight, Critical Care Air Transport (CCAT) teams administer multiple high-risk medications, including paralytics…

Nutrition and Human Performance in Military Aviation: A Narrative Review.

INTRODUCTION: Military aviation imposes physiological and cognitive demands that make nutrition relevant to flight safety, mission performan … to high-performance tactical aviation, whereas mobility, rotary-wing, bomber, and remotely piloted aircraft communities may be more affected by hydration-associated vigilance, thermal strain, fueling access, circadian disruption, and mission endurance. Aviation nutrition studies support carbohydrate-centered, gastrointestinal-tolerant pre-mission fueling, …

Air transportation of corneal tissue: experience with local compared to transatlantic donor corneas.

PURPOSE: To compare the outcome of corneas obtained at the same hospital in which they were transplanted (group 1) to that of corneas obtained in the United States and grafted in Israel (group 2). METHODS: One hundred twenty-six patients undergoing corneal grafting in Israel during the years 1995 to 1998 were included in a retrospective, nonrandomized clinical trial. Group 1 included 31 procedures, and group 2 included 95. Data regarding preoperative condition, tissue characteristics, and postoperative outcome were collected from hospital charts. Statistically significant difference between g

The effects of the World Trade Center event on birth outcomes among term deliveries at three lower Manhattan hospitals.

The effects of prenatal exposure to pollutants from the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster on fetal growth and subsequent health and development of exposed children remain a source of concern. We assessed the impact of gestational timing of the disaster and distance from the WTC in the 4 weeks after 11 September on the birth outcomes of 300 nonsmoking women who were pregnant at the time of the event. They were recruited at delivery between December 2001 and June 2002 from three hospitals close to the WTC site. Residential and work addresses of all participants for each of the 4 weeks after 11 S

Proteomic analysis of the renal effects of simulated occupational jet fuel exposure.

We analyzed protein expression in the cytosolic fraction prepared from whole kidneys in male Swiss-Webster mice exposed 1 h/day for five days to aerosolized JP-8 jet fuel at a concentration of 1000 mg/m3, simulating military occupational exposure. Kidney cytosol samples were solubilized and separated via large-scale, high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and gel patterns scanned, digitized and processed for statistical analysis. Significant changes in soluble kidney proteins resulted from jet fuel exposure. Several of the altered proteins were identified by peptide mass finger

Chronic stress and natural killer cell activity after exposure to traumatic death.

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the effects of working at the crash site of USAir Flight 427 on psychological, cardiovascular, and immunological sequelae of stress within 2 months of the recovery work and again 6 months after the crash. METHOD: A total of 159 workers at the crash site and 41 controls were examined within 2 months of the crash and again 6 months after the crash. Subjects were initially grouped according to whether they had contact with human remains. For a finer-grained analysis of exposure to bodies, subjects were also grouped by degree of exposure, determined by the ar

A Comparative Analysis of Low and High SiC Volume Fraction Additively Manufactured SiC/Ti6Al4V(ELI) Composites Based on the Best Process Parameters of Laser Power, Scanning Speed and Hatch Distance.

Silicon carbide (SiC) exhibits intriguing thermo-physical properties such as higher heat capacity and conductivity, as well as a lower density than Ti6Al4V(ELI). These properties make SiC a good candidate for the reinforcement of Ti6Al4V(ELI) with respect to its use as a heat shield in aero turbines to increase their efficiency. The traditional materials used in aircraft structures were required to have a combination of good mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness, and hardness and low weight, as well as low thermo-physical properties such as coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) an…

Sun Exposure Prevention Practices Within U.S. Naval Aviation.

INTRODUCTION: Occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation is a critical concern for those serving in the U.S. Military. Work and mission … ross-sectional survey distributed to active duty (AD) U.S. Navy service members assigned to 1 of 19 aircraft squadrons based in Southern California and deployed on missions across the Pacific theater of operations. The intent was to evaluate rates of sunburn, sun-protective practices, and perceptions regarding sun exposure and prevention practices in their …

Reconsidering the Resources Needed for Multiple Casualty Events: Lessons Learned From the Crash of Asiana Airlines Flight 214.

IMPORTANCE: To date, a substantial portion of multiple casualty incident literature has focused exclusively on prehospital and emergency department resources needed for optimal disaster response. Thus, inpatient resources required to care for individuals injured in multiple casualty events are not well described. OBJECTIVE: To highlight the resources beyond initial emergency department triage needed for multiple casualty events, using one of the largest commercial aviation disasters in modern US history as a case study. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective case series of injured in

Threat of Hyperthermia During Live-Fire Combat Training in the UH-60 Helicopter: An Important Tool for Operator State Monitoring of US Warfighter Aircrew.

INTRODUCTION: US warfighters operating aircraft are often exposed to cockpit temperatures exceeding 80 °F, introducing the potential risk of aircrew reaching dangerously high body temperatures. Hyperthermia induces significant decrements in physical and cognitive functions subsequently threatening the survivability of warfighters. However, the changes in body temperature and ensuing negative physiological effects are understudied, especially during combat training. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the temporal changes in body temperature and autonomic nervous system …

Anaesthesia in rural Queensland: clinical experience with the Flying Obstetric and Gynaecology Service.

The Flying Obstetric and Gynaecology (FOG) service visits 27 outback towns scattered over approximately one million square kilometers of western Queensland. The role and workload of an anaesthetist attached to the FOG Service and a prospective audit of 760 consecutive anaesthetics over a ten-month period are reported. Flying anaesthetists are in an ideal position to review standards of equipment, staffing levels, anaesthetic assistance in theatre as well as participate in both medical and nursing rural training programs. This ensures that deficiencies in anaesthetic related areas are identifie

A Comparative Study of Vestibular Performance in Pilot and Non-Pilot Service Members in Naval Aviation.

INTRODUCTION: The vestibular system plays a critical role in maintaining gaze stability during head movement, a function largely controlled … the health of pilots' vestibular systems, while also maximizing their performance and safety in the aircraft. Future studies should look to track DVA changes over pilots' careers or following vestibular injuries, while also expanding to other aviation communities.

Larviciding to prevent malaria transmission.

BACKGROUND: Larviciding refers to the regular application of chemical or microbial insecticides to water bodies or water containers to kill … iding application techniques that could cover large aquatic habitats, such as aerial spraying using aircraft.

Analysis of candidate genes expected to be essential for melanoma surviving.

IntroductionCancers may be treated by selective targeting of the genes vital for their survival. A number of attempts have led to discovery of several genes essential for surviving of tumor cells of different types. In this work, we tried to analyze genes that were previously predicted to be essential for melanoma surviving. Here we present the results of transient siRNA-mediated knockdown of the four of such genes, namely, UNC45A, STK11IP, RHPN2 and ZNFX1, in melanoma cell line A375, then assayed the cells for their viability, proliferation and ability to migrate in vitro. In our study, the k

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… In an earlier study, an Abraham Wald's approach to identify vulnerabilities of aircrafts as the parts and the systems free of the bullet-made holes on landing was employed to highlight the genes and corresponding proteins never mutated in cancer cells and, therefore, essential for their survival [ 10 … Pyatnitskiy M Karpov D Poverennaya E Lisitsa A Moshkovskii S Bringing down cancer aircraft: searching for essential hypomutated proteins in skin melanoma PLoS ONE 2015 10 11 e0142819 10.1371/journal.pone.0142819 26565620 PMC4643971 11. …

The potential of the Medical Digital Twin in diabetes management: a review.

Diabetes is a chronic prevalent disease that must be managed to improve the patient's quality of life. However, the limited healthcare management resources compared to the large diabetes mellitus (DM) population are an obstacle that needs modern information technology to improve. Digital twin (DT) is a relatively new approach that has emerged as a viable tool in several sectors of healthcare, and there have been some publications on DT in disease management. The systematic summary of the use of DTs and its potential applications in DM is less reported. In this review, we summarized the key tec

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… The AFRL further elucidated a conceptual model of DT technology, specifically for predicting the structural lifespan of aircraft in the same year ( 1 ). … Reengineering aircraft structural life prediction using a digital twin. Int J Aerospace Eng. (2011) 2011:1–14. 10.1155/2011/154798 2. Peirlinck M, Costabal FS, Yao J, Guccione JM, Tripathy S, Wang Y, et al. Precision medicine in human heart modeling: perspectives, challenges, and opportunities. …