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Urate transport via human PAH transporter hOAT1 and its gene structure.

BACKGROUND: We recently cloned the human organic anion transporter 1 (hOAT1) as a p-aminohippurate (PAH) transporter. Whether urate is transported by the PAH transporter in humans remains unclear. Familial juvenile gouty nephropathy (FJGN) is thought to develop as a result of an abnormality in the urate transporter. METHODS: To determine if hOAT1 transported urate, the cellular uptakes of PAH and urate were determined, as were the inhibition profiles of inorganic anions, and uricosuric and antiuricosuric agents using a mouse S2 cell line expressing hOAT1. The hOAT1 gene was cloned from a geno

Impact of tuberculosis treatment on CD4 cell count, HIV RNA, and p24 antigen in patients with HIV and tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES: To describe HIV RNA levels during tuberculosis (TB) infection in patients co-infected with TB and HIV. Moreover, to examine the p24 antigen profile during TB treatment. METHODS: We examined the changes in CD4 cell count, HIV RNA, and p24 levels during anti-tuberculous therapy in a group of TB/HIV-1 co-infected and HIV-untreated patients from Guinea-Bissau. RESULTS: A total of 365 TB patients were enrolled, of whom 76 were co-infected with HIV-1 and 19 were dually infected with HIV-1 + HIV-2. No significant changes in CD4, HIV RNA, or p24 levels were found during 8 months of TB tr

Diagnosis of tuberculous uveitis: clinical application of an interferon-gamma release assay.

PURPOSE: To determine the role of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) (Cellestis Inc., Carnegie, Australia) assay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) uveitis. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 157 patients with suspected TB uveitis seen over an 18-month period (August 1, 2006, to February 31, 2007) at the Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC) uveitis clinic. METHODS: We identified all cases of suspected TB uveitis in the above-mentioned time period and reviewed all medical records of the cases. Clinical findings, type of treatment instituted, response t

[Multifocal tuberculous dactylitis: a case report].

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculous dactylitis (TD) is a rare disorder. It is the source of a diagnostic hardship as it is difficult to distinguish from other lesions. We report an unusual case with multiple affected sites both in hands and the right big toe. CASE REPORT: A 42-year-old female initially presented with two painful tumefactions affecting the left third finger and the right middle finger. These tumefactions had been present for two months. Conventional radiography and computed tomography of the hand revealed soft tissue swelling with bone expansion and cortical destruction in the proximal,

Pontine Tuberculoma Mimicking an Astrocytic Tumor: A Case Report.

Tuberculomas located in the brainstem are rare entities. This article presents a case study detailing the diagnosis and treatment process of a patient with a pontine tuberculoma, as well as a literature review of tuberculomas located in the pons. A 39-year-old male patient showed progressive quadriparesis and deficits in VII, XI, and XII cranial nerves. MRI image initially suggested a pontine astrocytoma. A second biopsy revealed the presence of acid-fast bacilli. Following six months of anti-tuberculous treatment, the patient showed successful recovery.

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… Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, MRI with T1 lesion isointense central region with a ring enhancement | Pontine tegmentum in right side | No | Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampin, and ethambutol | Complete recovery, reduction of image in MRI Winklhofer et al. [ 11 ] | 2011 | 1 | Female | 49 | <1 | Slowly … Spectroscopy with lipid-lactate peak and increased choline/N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) ratio | Pons and medulla | No, resection by craniectomy | Streptomycin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampin, and ethambutol | Partial recovery, reduction of image in MRI Lyons et al. [ 6 ] | 2013 | 1 | Female | 43 | 1 | …

Treatment of spinal tuberculosis- Evolution in last 50 years.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), including bone and joint involvement, was historically considered an extension of pulmonary disease and … . Standard treatment for drug-sensitive STB includes an intensive phase with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, followed by a continuation phase tailored to disease severity, typically extending to 12 months. STB to be treated till healed status is demonstrated by contrast MRI/PET scan. Molecular diagnostics have facilitated early detection o …

Prevalence, safety evidence, and determinants of medicine use during breastfeeding among women in Kampala, Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding is essential for child health and survival, yet breastfeeding mothers often require medications to manage postpart … used medicines such as dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine phosphate, artemether/lumefantrine, cefixime, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol were considered acceptable during breastfeeding, although formal lactation safety studies are lacking. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of medicine use among breastfeeding women was high, with frequent self-medication using over-t …

Beyond the Lungs: A Case Report of Disseminated Tuberculosis With Multisystem Involvement.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by acid-fast bacillus pertaining to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Pulmonary TB i … l involvement, was diagnosed, and antituberculous therapy was initiated with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Additionally, 24-hour urine was collected, and proteinuria of 1,566 mg/24 hour was evident. An ultrasound-guided percutaneous kidney biopsy was performed, revealing mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis due to immune complexes de …

[Preliminary application effect of unilateral biportal endoscopy technique combined with drug chemotherapy in thoracic and lumbar tuberculosis].

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of debridement, decompression, interbody fusion and percutaneous screw internal fixation under the un … ged (52.4±13.5) years (ranged 27-71 years). All patients were given quadruple (isoniazid+rifampicin+pyrazinamide+ethambutol) anti-tuberculosis drugs chemotherapy for 2 to 4 weeks before surgery. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, ambulation time, postoperative hospital stay and complications were recorded. The visual …

Improvement cues of lesion absorption using the adjuvant therapy of traditional Chinese medicine Qinbudan tablet for retreatment pulmonary tuberculosis with standard anti-tuberculosis regimen.

BACKGROUND: China is the second highest pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) burden country worldwide. However, retreatment of PTB has often develop … nistered an anti-TB regimen plus placebo. Anti-TB treatment options included isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin for 2 months (2HRZES), followed by isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol for 6 months (6HRE), daily for 8 months. Primary outcome was sputum-culture conversion using the MGIT 960 liquid medium method. Secondary outcomes include …

Impact and cost-effectiveness of the 6-month BPaLM regimen for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Moldova: A mathematical modeling analysis.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests that shortened, simplified treatment regimens for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) can achie … time spent with TB resistant to amikacin, bedaquiline, clofazimine, cycloserine, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide, while it increased the average time spent with TB resistant to delamanid and pretomanid. Sensitivity analyses showed 6 months of BPaLM to be cost-effective across a broad range of values for the relative effectiveness of BPaLM, and the proportion o …

Rosuvastatin adjunctive therapy for rifampicin-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis: a phase 2b, randomised, open-label, multicentre trial.

BACKGROUND: Shorter treatments are needed for drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Adjunctive statins increase bactericidal activity in preclinica … mg rosuvastatin once per day for 8 weeks plus standard tuberculosis therapy (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol; rosuvastatin group) or standard tuberculosis therapy alone (control group). Randomisation was stratified by trial site, history of diabetes, and HIV co-infection. Laboratory staff and central investigators involved in data cleaning …

Predicting the Outcomes of New Short-Course Regimens for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Using Intrahost and Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling.

Short-course regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are urgently needed. Limited data suggest that the new drug bedaquiline (BDQ) may have the potential to shorten MDR-TB treatment to less than 6 months when used in conjunction with standard anti-TB drugs. However, the feasibility of BDQ in shortening MDR-TB treatment duration remains to be established. Mathematical modeling provides a platform to investigate different treatment regimens and predict their efficacy. We developed a mathematical model to capture the immune response to TB inside a human host environment. This model

Miliary tuberculosis and herpes pharyngitis after a trip to a developing country: dangers of biologics.

The use of biologic drugs has expanded since its introduction in the late 1990s. With growing medical use and newer biologic drugs in development, opportunistic infections like Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain important adverse effects. It carries major public health concerns, yet evidence-based clinical guidelines for more routine interval screening in patients taking immunosuppressants and exposed to tuberculosis (TB) are lacking. We illustrate a case of an elderly Indian-born man living in the USA with psoriatic arthritis who was on adalimumab for 10 years. He presented with disseminated T

Second episode of tuberculosis in an HIV-infected child: relapse or reinfection?

We report a case of an HIV-infected child with a second episode of tuberculosis 22 months after completing antituberculosis treatment. DNA fingerprinting of organisms from both episodes showed an identical strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We believe this to be the first case of confirmed relapsed tuberculosis in an HIV-infected child, and suggest that a longer course of antituberculosis treatment be given to such children. ¿ 2000 The British Infection Society.

The incidence of liver injury in Uyghur patients treated for TB in Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region, China, and its association with hepatic enzyme polymorphisms nat2, cyp2e1, gstm1 and gstt1.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Of three first-line anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drugs, isoniazid is most commonly associated with hepatotoxicity. Differences in INH-induced toxicity have been attributed to genetic variability at several loci, NAT2, CYP2E1, GSTM1and GSTT1, that code for drug-metabolizing enzymes. This study evaluated whether the polymorphisms in these enzymes were associated with an increased risk of anti-TB drug-induced hepatitis in patients and could potentially be used to identify patients at risk of liver injury. METHODS AND DESIGN: In a cross-sectional study, 2244 tuberculosis

Indirect supportive evidence for diagnosis of tuberculosis-related uveitis: from the tuberculin skin test to the new interferon gamma release assays.

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical and paraclinical parameters for the indirect diagnosis of tuberculosis-related uveitis (TRU). METHODS: Prospective 2-year study in a tertiary referral centre. Patients with clinically suspected TRU were recruited. Demographical and clinical data were recorded. QuantiFERON(®) -TB Gold (QFT), tuberculosis skin test (TST) and pulmonary X-ray were performed, and other possible uveitis aetiologies were ruled out. Further investigations were also performed case by case after consultation. After final assessment, standard antituberculosis therapy was started if TRU was

Empirical treatment with valganciclovir in infants living with HIV and hospitalised with severe pneumonia in Africa: a multicentre, open-label, factorial, randomised, controlled, superiority trial.

BACKGROUND: Mortality among infants with severe HIV-associated pneumonia remains high. This trial (EMPIRICAL) tested whether empirical valga … iclovir (16 mg/kg per 12 h), or SOC plus 6 months of tuberculosis treatment (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for 2 months, plus isoniazid and rifampicin for 4 subsequent months), or both interventions combined. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality, assessed at day 15 and over 1-year follow-up in the intention-to-treat population. In …