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RNA Therapeutics in Viral Infections and Cancer: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Prospects: A Review.

Background: RNA therapeutics represent a rapidly advancing field with significant potential for treating viral infections and cancer. This review examines the current landscape of RNA-based strategies, including siRNA, miRNA mimics, and antisense oligonucleotides. For viral infections, the focus is on hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV), HIV, and SARS-CoV-2. Approaches include targeting viral transcripts directly (e.g., siRNAs against HBV surface antigen) or host factors critical for viral replication (e.g., anti-miR-122 miravirsen for HCV). The successful development of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 i

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… Konishi M., Wu C.H., Kaito M., Hayashi K., Watanabe S., Adachi Y., Wu G.Y. siRNA-Resistance in Treated HCV Replicon Cells Is Correlated with the Development of Specific HCV Mutations. J. Viral Hepat. 2006;13:756–761. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2006.00752.x. 36. …

Identification of broad anti-coronavirus chemical agents for repurposing against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern.

Endemic human coronaviruses (hCoVs) 229E and OC43 cause respiratory disease with recurrent infections, while severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 spreads across the world with impact on health and societies. Here, we report an image-based multicycle infection procedure with α-coronavirus hCoV-229E-eGFP in an arrayed chemical library screen of 5440 clinical and preclinical compounds. Toxicity counter selection and challenge with the β-coronaviruses OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 in tissue culture and human airway epithelial explant cultures (HAEEC) identified four FDA-approved compounds with ora

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… By using two distinct pairs of PCR primers, one for the RNA polymerase subunit Nsp12 and the other one for the M-gene, and by including the RNA polymerase inhibitor Remdesivir (which reduced the genome copy numbers), we exclude that this discrepancy is an artifact to subgenomic replicons known to comprise …

mRNA Vaccines: Current Applications and Future Directions.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, as a novel class of biotherapeutics, leverage mRNA technology to instruct cells to produce specific antigens, thereby inducing an immune response. In recent years, significant progress has been made in applying these vaccines to infectious disease prevention and cancer treatment. Compared with traditional vaccines, mRNA vaccines offer high programmability, as well as greatly enhanced stability and immunogenicity, achieved through nucleotide modifications and advanced delivery systems such as lipid nanoparticles. However, many challenges remain in the design and d

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… Zhang , et al., “ Immunogenicity of RNA Replicons Encoding HIV Env Immunogens Designed for Self‐Assembly Into Nanoparticles , ” Molecular Therapy 27 ( 2019 ): 2080 – 2090 . 31515132 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.08.007 PMC6904793 61 E. Melzi , J. R. Willis , K. M. …

Immunotherapies for pediatric cancer: current landscape and future perspectives.

The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionized how we manage and treat cancer. While the majority of immunotherapy-related studies performed to date have focused on adult malignancies, a handful of these therapies have also recently found success within the pediatric space. In this review, we examine the immunotherapeutic agents that have achieved the approval of the US Food and Drug Administration for treating childhood cancers, highlighting their development, mechanisms of action, and the lessons learned from the seminal clinical trials that ultimately led to their approval. We also shine a

Antibiotic-Free Gene Vectors: A 25-Year Journey to Clinical Trials.

Until very recently, the major use, for gene therapy, specifically of linear or circular DNA, such as plasmids, was as ancillary products for viral vectors' production or as a genetic template for mRNA production. Thanks to targeted and more efficient physical or chemical delivery techniques and to the refinement of their structure, non-viral plasmid DNA are now under intensive consideration as pharmaceutical drugs. Plasmids traditionally carry an antibiotic resistance gene for providing the selection pressure necessary for maintenance in a bacterial host. Nearly a dozen different antibiotic-f

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… Mutagenesis of the pir gene results in an increase in the R6K replicon copy number, which was estimated to 400 copies per cell [ 70 , 71 , 72 ]. …

Cancer Vaccines and Beyond: The Transformative Role of Nanotechnology in Immunotherapy.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, responsible for approximately 10 million deaths in 2022 and an estimated 21 million new cases in 2024. Traditional cancer treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy often present limitations in efficacy and side effects. However, immunotherapeutic vaccines have emerged as a promising approach, leveraging the body's immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells. This review examines the evolving landscape of cancer vaccines, differentiating between preventive and therapeutic strategies and highlig

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… For example, vaccination with a prostate antigen 6-transmembrane epithelial (STEAP) combined with heterologous DNA and replicon particles similar to the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus significantly improved the immune response, increasing the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12, and delayed the tumor …

Breaking Therapy Resistance: An Update on Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus for Improvements of Cancer Therapy.

Resistance to therapy is a major obstacle to cancer treatment. It may exist from the beginning, or it may develop during therapy. The review focusses on oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a biological agent with potential to break therapy resistance. This avian virus combines, upon inoculation into non-permissive hosts such as human, 12 described anti-neoplastic effects with 11 described immune stimulatory properties. Fifty years of clinical application of NDV give witness to the high safety profile of this biological agent. In 2015, an important milestone was achieved, namely the succ

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… The viral nucleocapsid consists of a single species of viral RNA (15,186 to 15,198 nucleotides in length) and replicon complex proteins (NP, P, L). Once produced, the nucleocapsid as “antigenome” is used as template for viral replication. …

Research progress on arsenic, arsenic-containing medicinal materials, and arsenic-containing preparations: clinical application, pharmacological effects, and toxicity.

Introduction: The toxicity of arsenic is widely recognized globally, mainly harming human health by polluting water, soil, and food. However, its formulations can also be used for the clinical treatment of diseases such as leukemia and tumors. Arsenic has been used as a drug in China for over 2,400 years, with examples such as the arsenic-containing drug realgar mentioned in Shennong's Herbal Classic. We have reviewed references on arsenic over the past thirty years and found that research has mainly focused on clinical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects. Results and Discussion: The f

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… Low concentrations of ATO can effectively inhibit the replication of hepatitis C virus in sub-gene replicon cells carrying hepatitis C virus, and ATO affects interferon against hepatitis C virus, making it a potential anti-hepatitis C virus drug ( Hwang et al., 2004 ). …

The use of RNA-based treatments in the field of cancer immunotherapy.

Over the past several decades, mRNA vaccines have evolved from a theoretical concept to a clinical reality. These vaccines offer several advantages over traditional vaccine techniques, including their high potency, rapid development, low-cost manufacturing, and safe administration. However, until recently, concerns over the instability and inefficient distribution of mRNA in vivo have limited their utility. Fortunately, recent technological advancements have mostly resolved these concerns, resulting in the development of numerous mRNA vaccination platforms for infectious diseases and various t

Targeting inflammation as cancer therapy.

Inflammation has accompanied human beings since the emergence of wounds and infections. In the past decades, numerous efforts have been undertaken to explore the potential role of inflammation in cancer, from tumor development, invasion, and metastasis to the resistance of tumors to treatment. Inflammation-targeted agents not only demonstrate the potential to suppress cancer development, but also to improve the efficacy of other therapeutic modalities. In this review, we describe the highly dynamic and complex inflammatory tumor microenvironment, with discussion on key inflammation mediators i

Моноклональные антитела: от волшебной пули до точного оружия.

Моноклональные антитела (mAbs) используются для профилактики, обнаружения и лечения широкого спектра неинфекционных и инфекционных заболеваний. За последние несколько лет рынок МП рос экспоненциально, при этом ожидаемый совокупный годовой прирост (CAGR) составил 11.07% от 2024 (В тыс.237.64 млрд. долл. США на конец 2023) к 2033 (В тыс.679.03 млрд. долл. США к концу 2033). С момента появления технологии гибридомы 1975, терапия на базе антител была реализована с использованием муринных антител, которые стали еще более гуманизированными и полностью человеческими антителами, что уменьшило риск имм

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