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Использование естественных экзоцитозных везикул для борьбы с возрастными заболеваниями: от возрастных драйверов до терапевтических возможностей.

Старение — это сложный биологический процесс, приводящий к увеличению нагрузки возрастных заболеваний (ARD). Клеточная старость, включающая необратимое остановку клеточного цикла и выделение фенотипа секреторной активности при старении (SASP), играет центральную роль в старении и развитии ARD. Естественные экзоцитические везикулы (NEVs) — это везикулы, полученные из клеток, органов и тканей без искусственных вмешательств. В последние годы NEVs привлекли внимание как медиаторы межклеточной коммуникации, и показали многофункциональный потенциал в регулировании клеточной старости и ARD. С одной с

Targeting the p53 signaling pathway in cancers: Molecular mechanisms and clinical studies.

Tumor suppressor p53 can transcriptionally activate downstream genes in response to stress, and then regulate the cell cycle, DNA repair, metabolism, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and other biological responses. p53 has seven functional domains and 12 splice isoforms, and different domains and subtypes play different roles. The activation and inactivation of p53 are finely regulated and are associated with phosphorylation/acetylation modification and ubiquitination modification, respectively. Abnormal activation of p53 is closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. While targeted t

Biology of stem cell paradox: a double-edged sword-implications for cancer therapy.

This comprehensive review investigates the complex interactions between oncogenesis and stem cells, underscoring the crucial importance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the mechanisms of tumorigenesis, metastatic dissemination, and resistance to therapeutic interventions. CSCs constitute a distinct subset within neoplasms, defined by unique characteristics such as the ability to self-renew, the potential to differentiate into various cellular phenotypes, and an inherent resistance to conventional treatment strategies. It is hypothesized that these properties are regulated by a multitude of signa

Tumor microenvironment signaling and therapeutics in cancer progression.

Tumor development and metastasis are facilitated by the complex interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment, which comprises stromal cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components, among other factors. Stromal cells can adopt new phenotypes to promote tumor cell invasion. A deep understanding of the signaling pathways involved in cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM interactions is needed to design effective intervention strategies that might interrupt these interactions. In this review, we describe the tumor microenvironment (TME) components and associated therapeutics. We discuss t

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… Furthermore, solid tumors, being metabolically heterogeneous, show glutamine‐depleted cores, which promote histone hypermethylation, resulting in the reduced expression of differentiation‐related genes and cancer cell dedifferentiation [ 238 , 239 ]. …

Targeting Cancer Through Thymoquinone: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Prospects.

Thymoquinone (TQ), the active compound in Nigella sativa (black seed), has shown promising effects against cancer in many laboratory studies. In this review, we explore how TQ works on different aspects of cancer, from stopping cancer cell growth and spread, to triggering cancer cell death, reducing inflammation, and helping the immune system fight back. We also highlight how TQ may overcome one of the biggest problems in cancer treatment-chemoresistance. When used together with common treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy, TQ has been shown to improve their effects and red

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Kidney Disease: A Review of Clinical Evidence.

Mesenchymal stem cells form a population of self-renewing, multipotent cells that can be isolated from several tissues. Multiple preclinical studies have demonstrated that the administration of exogenous MSC could prevent renal injury and could promote renal recovery through a series of complex mechanisms, in particular via immunomodulation of the immune system and release of paracrine factors and microvesicles. Due to their therapeutic potentials, MSC are being evaluated as a possible player in treatment of human kidney disease, and an increasing number of clinical trials to assess the safety

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… Microvesicles derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells facilitate tubular epithelial cell dedifferentiation and growth via hepatocyte growth factor induction. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121534.e0121534 111. Zhang D. W., Qiu H., Mei Y. M., Fu H., Zheng H. G. …

Нейрохирургические подходы к сбору тканей мозга для создания клеточной культуры в нейроэкспериментальных моделях клеток.

В последние десятилетия клеточная биология быстро прогрессировала. Методы изоляции и выращивания клеток, подкрепленные современными лабораторными процедурами и экспериментальными возможностями, обеспечивают широкий спектр возможностей для проведения исследований in vitro в целях изучения физиологических и патофизиологических процессов в области здоровья и болезней. Они также могут быть весьма эффективно использованы для анализа биоматериалов. До того как новый биоматериал будет готов для имплантации в ткани и широкого использования в клинической практике, он должен быть подвергнут тщательному

The Trinity: Interplay among Cancer Cells, Fibroblasts, and Immune Cells in Pancreatic Cancer and Implication of CD8+ T Cell-Orientated Therapy.

The microenvironment in tumors is complicated and is constituted by different cell types and stromal proteins. Among the cell types, the abundance of cancer cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells is high and these cells work as the "Trinity" in promoting tumorigenesis. Although unidirectional or bidirectional crosstalk between two independent cell types has been well characterized, the multi-directional interplays between cancer cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells in vitro and in vivo are still unclear. We summarize recent studies in addressing the interaction of the "Trinity" members in the tu

Breaking the Resistance: Photodynamic Therapy in Cancer Stem Cell-Driven Tumorigenesis.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are essential for the growth of malignancies because they encourage resistance to cancer therapy and make metastasis and relapse easier. To effectively tackle the obstacles presented by CSCs, novel therapeutic approaches are required. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment option for cancer cells, which uses light-sensitive medications that are activated by light wavelengths. This review investigates the use of PDT to overcome malignancies driven by CSCs that have innate resistance mechanisms. PDT works by causing tumor cells to accumulate photosensitizers

Current status and updated recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of plasma cell myeloma in Switzerland.

The availability of drugs such as thalidomide, bortezomib and lenalidomide changed the landscape in myeloma treatment and has extended the median survival up to 10 years with a substantial improvement in quality of life. This development prompted a Swiss expert panel to re-evaluate the current status and formulate updated clinical recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of plasma cell myeloma. These recommendations should help clinicians in their decision making to achieve the best outcome based on currently available data.

Review of Adoptive Cellular Therapies for the Treatment of Sarcoma.

Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies with limited therapeutic options, particularly in the metastatic setting. Adoptive cellular therapies (ACTs), including tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene-modified T-cell therapy, offer promising novel approaches for these refractory tumors. TIL-based therapy has demonstrated early efficacy in melanoma and myeloma, with ongoing trials exploring its role in sarcoma. CAR T-cell strategies targeting HER2, GD2, and B7-H3 antigens are in development, though cha

Synergistic Enhancement of Cancer Therapy Using HDAC Inhibitors: Opportunity for Clinical Trials.

Chemotherapy is one of the most established and effective treatments for almost all types of cancer. However, the elevated toxicity due to the non-tumor-associated effects, development of secondary malignancies, infertility, radiation-induced fibrosis and resistance to treatment limit the effectiveness and safety of treatment. In addition, these multiple factors significantly impact quality of life. Over the last decades, our increased understanding of cancer epigenetics has led to new therapeutic approaches and the promise of improved patient outcomes. Epigenetic alterations are commonly foun

The Role of TAM Receptors in Bone.

The TAM (TYRO3, MERTK, and AXL) family of receptor tyrosine kinases are pleiotropic regulators of adult tissue homeostasis maintaining organ integrity and self-renewal. Disruption of their homeostatic balance fosters pathological conditions like autoinflammatory or degenerative diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematodes, or liver fibrosis. Moreover, TAM receptors exhibit prominent cell-transforming properties, promoting tumor progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance in various cancer entities. Emerging evidence shows that TAM receptors are involved in bone homeostasis

Radioligand Therapy in Cancer Management: A Global Perspective.

Radioligand therapy (RLT) is a targeted treatment modality that combines a tumour-specific ligand with a therapeutic radionuclide. Once administered, the radiopharmaceutical binds selectively to cancer-associated targets, delivering cytotoxic radiation directly to tumour cells while sparing surrounding tissues. Two RLT agents, [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE (Lutathera®) and [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 (Pluvicto®), have received regulatory approval for the treatment of advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, respectively. As of July 2025, more tha

Musculoskeletal Organs-on-Chips: An Emerging Platform for Studying the Nanotechnology-Biology Interface.

Nanotechnology-based approaches are promising for the treatment of musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders, which present significant clinical burdens and challenges, but their clinical translation requires a deep understanding of the complex interplay between nanotechnology and MSK biology. Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) systems have emerged as an innovative and versatile microphysiological platform to replicate the dynamics of tissue microenvironment for studying nanotechnology-biology interactions. This review first covers recent advances and applications of MSK OoCs and their ability to mimic the biophysic

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… However, these cells often yield heterogeneous populations and necessitate purification and enrichment of desired cell types, which can lead to loss of their functions and cell dedifferentiation as primary cells require specific culture conditions to maintain their phenotypes. [ 161 , 162 , 163 ] Furthermore …

Targeting Oxidative Stress as a Therapeutic Approach for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease characterized by an abnormal reepithelialisation, an excessive tissue remodelling and a progressive fibrosis within the alveolar wall that are not due to infection or cancer. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a key molecular process in pulmonary fibrosis development and different components of the redox system are altered in the cellular actors participating in lung fibrosis. To this respect, several activators of the antioxidant machinery and inhibitors of the oxidant species and pathways have been assayed in precl

Communication in the Cancer Microenvironment as a Target for Therapeutic Interventions.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex system composed of multiple cells, such as non-cancerous fibroblasts, adipocytes, immune and vascular cells, as well as signal molecules and mediators. Tumor cells recruit and reprogram other cells to produce factors that maintain tumor growth. Communication between cancerous and surrounding cells is a two-way process and engages a diverse range of mechanisms that, in consequence, can lead to rapid proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance, or can serve as a tumors-suppressor, e.g., through tumor-immune cell interaction. Cross-talk within the

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed solid-organ cancer amongst males worldwide. Metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a rapidly fatal end-sequelae of prostate cancer. Therapeutic options for men with mCRPC are limited and are not curative in nature. The recent development of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has revolutionised the treatment of treatment-resistant haematological malignancies, and several studies are underway investigating the utility of this technology in the treatment of solid tumours. In this review, we evaluate the current treatme

Ganglioside therapy in cancer molecular insights and therapeutic opportunities.

Gangliosides, a class of glycosphingolipids located on the plasma membrane of nearly all cells, play a crucial role in cell signaling and lipid raft dynamics. Their expression is notably high during embryonic development, markedly reduced in most adult tissues, but significantly elevated in various tumor tissues. This distinct expression pattern highlights gangliosides as promising therapeutic targets due to their roles in tumor progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Targeted ganglioside therapies, particularly monoclonal antibodies against GD2, have already demonstrated clinical