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Central pontine myelinolysis accompanied by multifocal pseudocalcifications.

A 44-year-old diabetic female became unconscious one month prior to death due to acute suppurative meningitis. Although cerebrospinal fluid findings normalized with the administration of antibiotics, the status of unconsciousness did not improve and she expired. Examination of the brain revealed a small, relatively ill-defined, demyelinated lesion in the central part of the anterior pons, with which hypertrophied astrocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages phagocytizing disintegrated myelin were present. Neuronal perikarya and axons were well preserved. The findings are pathognomonic of central ponti…

Participation of pontine structures in the respiratory action of opioids.

The respiratory action of morphine, D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin, and D-Ala2-Me-Phe4-Met(O)ol5-enkephalin, restrictively applied to the dorso-rostral surface of the pons, was studied in anesthetized cats. Frequency was selectively and dose-dependently depressed, down to apnea, whereas tidal volume and its response to CO2 either remained unchanged or were increased. Similar effects were observed in vagotomized and decerebrate cats. From these and previous (1) results, it can be concluded that the medullary and pontine structures related to respiration are differentially affected by opioids. Pontine…

Infantile neuronal degeneration masquerading as Werdnig-Hoffmann disease.

We investigated two infants whose clinical illness resembled Werdnig-Hoffmann disease (WHD). Motor nerve conduction velocities in one infant were markedly decreased, suggesting a demyelinative neuropathy. Pathological examination of the central nervous system in both patients revealed the expected loss of cell bodies in the anterior horn and motor cranial nerves. In addition, there was widespread neuron loss and gliosis in both gray and white matter of the thalamus, cerebellum, pons, and spinal cord. Motor sensory, and mixed peripheral nerves of one infant showed evidence of segmental demyelin…

MRI diagnosis of a juvenile leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter: A rare case report from Morocco and literature review.

Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter is a new autosomal recessive inherited disorder disease entity. It is a chronic disease with … d linear high signal intensity on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images in the pons, in addition to typical abnormalities in the cerebral white matter. The diagnosis of leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter was based on clinical criteria and the typical appearance on a cerebral MRI.

Тригеминальный понтиновый знак: от воображения к болезням, выходящим за пределы тригеминальной невралгии.

Так называемый тригеминальный понтиновый знак был описан как знак различных заболеваний, начиная от множественных склерозов и кончая герпетическими инфекциями. Во-первых, она была предложена как линейная гиперинтенсивность в порнах магнитного резонанса воображения (MRI) пациентов с множественным склерозом и тригеминальной нейронгией. После этих описаний о них сообщалось в качестве случайных выводов у одних и тех же пациентов и у пациентов с инфекциями HSV или VZV. Кроме того, пациенты, страдающие расстройствами спектра нейромиелита (NMOSD), чаще описывают с помощью этого нейрорадиологического

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The so-called trigeminal pontine sign has been described as a marker of different diseases, from multiple sclerosis to herpetic infections. First, it has been proposed as linear hyperintensity in the pons on the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of patients with multiple sclerosis and trigeminal neuralgia. After these descriptions, it has been reported as inc…

[Michel Jouvet, from the discovery of paradoxical sleep and muscle atonia to the role of neuropeptides].

This article focuses on the contributions made by Michel Jouvet about the neurons responsible for generating the muscle atonia of paradoxical sleep (REM sleep). He was the first to describe the neurons responsible for muscle atonia during paradoxical sleep using "pontine" cats (in which the forebrain has been removed down to the pons) and localized pontine lesions. Also discussed is the research going on in the 1980s, when Michel Jouvet was hunting for the hypnogenic factor. At that time, he thought that it was secreted by the hypophysis; but this factor finally turned out to be controlled by …

Magnetic resonance imaging of pontine capillary telangectasia.

Capillary telangectasia (CTS) is a vascular malformation, characterized by multiple thin-walled vascular channels, interposed between normal … sible to perform a differential diagnosis between CTS and the other pathologies that may affect the pons and the use of diffusion-weighted and Gradient-echo sequences increase the MRI specificity.

Central pontine and extra-pontine myelinolysis: a complication of lithium toxicity in a pregnant woman.

Osmotic demyelinating syndromes consisting of central pontine and extra-pontine demyelination are very uncommon disorders characterized by non-inflammatory lesions involving the pons and sometimes spreading to other areas. Rapid changes in serum sodium concentration are usually regarded as the main pathophysiological mechanism. We report herein the case of a 23-year-old woman in the 24th week of pregnancy, who demonstrated both central pontine and extra-pontine demyelination occurring at the time of a recently introduced treatment with lithium. The disorder was related to the rapid correction …

Sudden death following periorbital pellet injury.

PURPOSE: To report an uneventful sudden death because of a periorbital pellet injury. METHOD: Review of autopsy findings. RESULTS: A 20-ye … the inferior orbital fissure than the sphenooccipital junction and basilar artery and lodged in the pons. CONCLUSION: A-high index of suspicion is required in order to detect an intracranial extension in periorbital injuries.

Basic anatomy and physiology of sleep.

This paper seeks to give a basic look at the structure and physiology of those aspects of the nervous and respiratory systems most involved with the cycles of sleep. The brain is examined from the hindbrain (the medulla and the pons) to the midbrain up through the forebrain (the diencephalon and the telencephalon). Also noted are structures that may have a role in sleep and wake cycles, such as the reticular activating system, the red nucleus, basal ganglia, pineal gland, and the like. The respiratory system's structure and physiology is discussed in broad terms. Some of the other factors invo…

Painful isolated Horner's syndrome caused by pontine ischaemia.

PURPOSE: To alert ophthalmologists to the possibility of brainstem ischaemia in patients with isolated Horner's syndrome. DESIGN: Observational case report. METHODS: Neuro-ophthalmological and neuroimaging assessment of a 59-year-old woman presenting with an isolated Horner's syndrome after an episode of headache. RESULTS: Horner's syndrome was pharmacologically localised to a first- or second-order sympathetic neuron on the right. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a small ischaemic lesion at the transition between pons and midbrain, lateral to the anterolateral system involving the s…

Narcolepsy secondary to fourth ventricular subependymoma.

BACKGROUND: Secondary (symptomatic) narcolepsy is rare. We report a subependymoma of the fourth ventricle associated with narcolepsy. The patient was a 50-year old woman with a long history of narcolepsy who died of colonic carcinoma with no cerebral metastasis. She was positive for HLA-DR2. At autopsy there was a tumour dorsal to the fourth ventricle which involved the midbrain tectum and rostral pons. Histologic examination of the tumour confirmed it to be a subependymoma. METHODS: Review of the previous cases of secondary narcolepsy was made with particular reference to the anatomical loca…

The evolutionary relationship among Caucasian MS patients and controls.

Previous observations suggest that the mitochondrial (mt)DNA may confer susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the proportion of affected individuals and the range of contributing mtDNA abnormalities are unknown. To help clarify this question, we analyzed the first hypervariable D-loop sequences of the mtDNA in a group of randomly selected Caucasian MS patients, in MS patients with prominent optic neuritis (PON) and in controls. Phylogenetic analysis of these D-loop sequences revealed that individuals in both groups of patients are generally scattered in the Caucasian phylogeny. H

[Autonomic and peptidergic innervation of the human larynx].

Autonomic and peptidergic innervation of the human larynx (vocal cords, ventricular folds, epiglottis, subglottic region and recurrent nerves) was studied by application of single and double immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. In all tissues investigated, immunoreactivities for a variety of regulatory peptides were detected and included vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine methionine (PHM), helospectin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), C-flanking peptide of NPY (C-PON), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P and neurokinin A. In the recurrent nerves, only a few pe

Branches of the persistent primitive trigeminal artery--an autopsy case.

An adult autopsy case of the persistent primitive trigeminal artery (PTA) is reported. At the origin of the PTA in the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery, the PTA branched into the meningohypophyseal trunk and the artery of the inferior cavernous sinus. This might indicate that these arteries were formed at the same embryonic stage. At the cisternal portion of the PTA in the posterior fossa, it also branched into the trigeminal nerve root and pons on the way to the basilar artery. The PTA might have functions for the normal structures even in the case of adults. The PTA passed th…

Diagnostic difficulties in etiology of the lesion of peripheral neuron of the facial nerve during the growth of sialoma.

There are varied causes of lesions of the facial nerve: 75% of them is idiopathic paralysis or Bell paralysis (1), then there are injuries, diseases of the ears (otitis media and externa, otic zoster) and carcinomas of neuron VII, cerebellopontine angle tumors, tumors of the pons, of the petrosal bone, the middle ear, leukemias, diabetes, tumors of the salivary gland (2, 3, 4). Especially careful diagnosing is required for the cases of the lesions of the peripheral neuron n. VII, where, despite conventional treatment, there is no distinct improvement or where it is necessary to determine the r…

[Persistent alpha-vegetative state].

After briefly reviewing the concepts of "coma" and "alpha-coma", we report the case of a patient with presumable Pick's disease who spent several weeks in a vegetative state with a normal and reactive EEG in the alpha range in the later stages of her illness. We (a) emphasize some implications of the appearance of the eyes in such patients, b) stress the importance of distinguishing alpha activity from true alpha rhythm and (c) suggest the category "alpha-coma" should include only those individuals bearing evidence of disorders of the junctional tegmentum of the pons and midbrain. In a complem…

Histopathology of the late-onset motor neuron degeneration (Mnd) mutant in the mouse.

The motor neuron degeneration (Mnd) is characterized by a progressive deterioration of motor function (stiff-legged gait, abnormal limb placements and grasping, and finally paralysis; moving from rear to forelimbs). There is a dramatic degeneration of spinal cord motor neurons, more severe in the lumbosacral than in the other regions, as well as variable pathology in the lower cranial nerves. Upper motor neurons of the red nucleus, reticular formation of the pons and medulla, and restricted areas of the cerebral cortex are also affected. Degenerating motor neurons share many characteristics se…

"Top of the basilar" syndrome: clinico-radiological evaluation.

Sixteen patients having infarction caused by circulatory disturbance at the top of the basilar artery, that is to say, the "top of the basilar" syndrome, were studied, the diagnosis having been made by computerized tomography. Infarcts were widely distributed in each patient between the thalamus, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, and occipital lobe. Both thalami were involved in 7 cases. When the thalamus was involved bilaterally, the low density areas were symmetrical in size and localization. Angiography revealed that stenosis or occlusion lay within a circle 2 cm in diameter surrounding the five-…

[Monocular ocular bobbing].

The ocular bobbing phenomenon consists of involuntary, abrupt, usually conjugate, brisk downward eye movements followed by a slow return to … pinching and visual stimulation. Post-mortem examination showed a large ischaemic infarction of the pons, of the middle cerebellar peduncles and of the white matter of one cerebellar hemisphere.