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Intracellular Pathways and Mechanisms of Colored Secondary Metabolites in Cancer Therapy.

Despite the great advancements made in cancer treatment, there are still many unsatisfied aspects, such as the wide palette of side effects and the drug resistance. There is an obvious increasing scientific attention towards nature and what it can offer the human race. Natural products can be used to treat many diseases, of which some plant products are currently used to treat cancer. Plants produce secondary metabolites for their signaling mechanisms and natural defense. A variety of plant-derived products have shown promising anticancer properties in vitro and in vivo. Rather than recreating

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… A Phase I/II trial is ongoing regarding isoquercetin as an adjunct therapy in combination with Sunitinib in kidney cancer patients [ 171 ]. …

Osteoporosis in Childhood Cancer Survivors: Physiopathology, Prevention, Therapy and Future Perspectives.

The improvement of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical interventions, together with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, increased childhood cancer survival rate in the last decades, reaching 80% in Europe. Nevertheless, anti-cancer treatments are mainly responsible for the onset of long-term side effects in childhood cancer survivors (CCS), including alterations of the endocrine system function and activity. In particular, the most frequent dysfunction in CCS is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) with increased skeletal fragility. BMD loss is al

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… Chemotherapeutic Drugs and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Focus on Doxorubicin, Trastuzumab, and Sunitinib Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2018 2018 7582730 10.1155/2018/7582730 29743983 PMC5878876 11. Varricchi G. Ameri P. Cadeddu C. Ghigo A. Madonna R. Marone G. Mercurio V. Monte I. Novo G. Parrella P. …

Inequity in Cardio-Oncology: Identifying Disparities in Cardiotoxicity and Links to Cardiac and Cancer Outcomes.

Minority and underresourced communities experience disproportionately high rates of fatal cancer and cardiovascular disease. The intersection of these disparities within the multidisciplinary field of cardio-oncology is in critical need of examination, given the risk of perpetuating health inequities in the growing vulnerable population of patients with cancer and cardiovascular disease. This review identifies 13 cohort studies and 2 meta-analyses investigating disparate outcomes in treatment-associated cardiotoxicity and situates these data within the context of oncologic disparities, preexis

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… common), ventricular dysfunction † (common) Axicabtagene ciloleucel Tyrosine kinase inhibitors Imatinib | Heart failure (rare), arrhythmias (rare) Dasatinib | Heart failure (common), pulmonary hypertension (rare) Nilotinib | Heart failure, myocardial ischemia (common), QT prolongation (intermediate) Sunitinib …

Adjunctive Treatments for the Prevention of Chemotherapy- and Radiotherapy-Induced Mucositis.

BACKGROUND: Chemoradiotherapy-associated mucositis can manifest as pain, inflammation, dysphagia, diarrhea, weight loss, rectal bleeding, and infection. Mucositis is a major dose-limiting side effect of chemotherapy, affecting nutritional intake and oral and intestinal function. Despite several interventions being available, there is a need for safe and effective preventative and treatment options for treatment-induced mucositis. The goals of this review are to discuss interventions based on foods and natural products and present the research to date. METHODS: A narrative literature review id

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… treatment-induced gastrointestinal toxicity in CRC has been posited to likely increase with the introduction of novel drugs and the use of more intense combination regimens of polychemotherapy combined with monoclonal antibodies. 6 , 10 Targeted therapies, including erlotinib, gefitinib, lapatinib, sorafenib, and sunitinib …

Cancer and the kidney: dangereoux liasons or price paid for the progress in medicine?

A long time ago, the links between renal disease and malignancy were observed, however, quite recently, their importance was recognized and 'new' subspecialty in nephrology, namely 'onconephrology' was established. In the XXI century, patients with malignancy make up the most growing number of the subjects seen for nephrology consult and/or critical care nephrology services. A plethora of renal problems may be found in patients with malignancy. They may influence not only their short-term outcomes but also the adequate therapy of the underlying oncological problem. Thus, all these kidney-relat

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… VEGF pathway inhibitors include VEGF ligand inhibitors, which bind to and inhibit ligand binding to the VEGFR, thus preventing activation of the receptor as bevacizumab or targeted to VEGFR2 ramucirumab; and antiangiogenic small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors-TKIs (sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib …

Current Approaches in the Treatment of Relapsed and Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

The limited sensitivity of the historical treatment response criteria for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has resulted in a different paradigm for treatment compared with most other cancers presenting with widely disseminated disease. Initial cytotoxic induction chemotherapy is often able to reduce tumor burden to a level sufficient to meet the current criteria for "complete" remission. Nevertheless, most AML patients ultimately die from their disease, most commonly as clinically evident relapsed AML. Despite a variety of available salvage therapy options, prognosis in patients with relapsed or r

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… Pratz et al. examined the efficacy of six FLT3-ITD inhibitors for potency against mutant and wild-type FLT3 as well as for cytotoxic effect against a series of primary blast samples and found that the inhibitors could be ranked, from most to least selective against FLT3-ITD, as quizartinib, sorafenib, sunitinib …

The Proceedings of the 19th International Cancer Imaging Society Meeting and Annual Teaching Course : Verona, Italy. 7 - 9 October 2019.

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Tumor Vaccines: Unleashing the Power of the Immune System to Fight Cancer.

This comprehensive review delves into the rapidly evolving arena of cancer vaccines. Initially, we examine the intricate constitution of the tumor microenvironment (TME), a dynamic factor that significantly influences tumor heterogeneity. Current research trends focusing on harnessing the TME for effective tumor vaccine treatments are also discussed. We then provide a detailed overview of the current state of research concerning tumor immunity and the mechanisms of tumor vaccines, describing the complex immunological processes involved. Furthermore, we conduct an exhaustive analysis of the con

Paraneoplastic Endocrine Changes in Gastrointestinal Tumors: A Clinical and Mechanistic Review.

Paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes (PESs) are hormonal disturbances associated with malignancies that result from tumor-related production of hormone-like substances, immune-mediated mechanisms, or dysregulated signaling pathways. While they are well recognized in lung and neuroendocrine cancers, their relevance in gastrointestinal tumors remains less clearly defined. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on paraneoplastic endocrine manifestations in gastrointestinal malignancies, based on a structured search of the literature in major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web

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… The impact of modern oncological therapies (everolimus, sunitinib, PRRT) on EAS in pNETs has been documented anecdotally but not systematically. Data on EAS in non-neuroendocrine GI tumors are limited to isolated case reports. 3.2.9. …

Gamma/delta T cells as cellular vehicles for anti-tumor immunity.

Adoptive cellular immunotherapy as a new paradigm to treat cancers is exemplified by the FDA approval of six chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapies targeting hematological malignancies in recent years. Conventional αβ T cells applied in these therapies have proven efficacy but are confined almost exclusively to autologous use. When infused into patients with mismatched human leukocyte antigen, αβ T cells recognize tissues of such patients as foreign and elicit devastating graft-versus-host disease. Therefore, one way to overcome this challenge is to use naturally allogeneic immune cell typ

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… Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med (2007) 356(2):115–24. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa065044 119. Sellmann L, Fenchel K, Dempke WCM. …

Selenium Compounds as Novel Potential Anticancer Agents.

The high number of new cancer incidences and the associated mortality continue to be alarming, leading to the search for new therapies that would be more effective and less burdensome for patients. As there is evidence that Se compounds can have chemopreventive activity, studies have begun to establish whether these compounds can also affect already existing cancers. This review aims to discuss the different classes of Se-containing compounds, both organic and inorganic, natural and synthetic, and the mechanisms and molecular targets of their anticancer activity. The chemical classes discussed

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… This compound enhanced the effectiveness of cisplatin in human lung xenografts (A549) in mice [ 8 , 67 ] and leukemic cells resistant to cisplatin, and acted synergistically with sunitinib against colon cancer cells [ 8 ]. …

Clinical development of galunisertib (LY2157299 monohydrate), a small molecule inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling regulates a wide range of biological processes. TGF-β plays an important role in tumorigenesis and contributes to the hallmarks of cancer, including tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and escape of immune surveillance. There are several pharmacological approaches to block TGF-β signaling, such as monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, antisense oligonucleotides, and small molecule inhibitors. Galunisertib (LY2157299 monohydrate) is an oral small molecule inhibitor of the TGF-β receptor I kinase that specifically

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… Whether the additive effect of sorafenib and galunisertib is also related to the ability of sorafenib to inhibit the TGF-β pathway at high concentrations is unclear. 136 Galunisertib is also active in HCC cells that are resistant to multikinase inhibitors such as sorafenib and sunitinib. 137 , 138 This …

The use of RNA-based treatments in the field of cancer immunotherapy.

Over the past several decades, mRNA vaccines have evolved from a theoretical concept to a clinical reality. These vaccines offer several advantages over traditional vaccine techniques, including their high potency, rapid development, low-cost manufacturing, and safe administration. However, until recently, concerns over the instability and inefficient distribution of mRNA in vivo have limited their utility. Fortunately, recent technological advancements have mostly resolved these concerns, resulting in the development of numerous mRNA vaccination platforms for infectious diseases and various t

Inflammation and Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets.

Inflammation is a core pathological factor regulating tumor initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance, and elucidating its molecular crosstalk with tumors is crucial for developing effective clinical therapies. Internal drivers of inflammation-tumor transformation include genomic disorder, epigenetic memory, mitochondrial stress, and metabolic reprogramming, which synergistically initiate carcinogenesis. External factors amplifying tumor progression cover immune dysfunction, stromal fibrosis, microbial dysbiosis, vascular neoplasia, and neurotoxicity, collectively accelerating tumor

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… At the level of the vascular microenvironment, VEGF‐targeted drugs (e.g., sunitinib) can reverse the anergic state of tumor endothelial cells, enhancing immune cell infiltration by upregulating ICAM‐1, combining antiangiogenesis with immune activation [ 138 ]; Targeted inhibition of pericyte sGC can …

Advanced biomaterial-based approaches for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a debilitating adverse effect linked to anti-resorptive and anti-angiogenic therapies, with an incidence of 4.34 % (6.22 % in oncology patients and 0.59 % in osteoporosis patients) based on a pooled analysis of 92 observational studies (2015-2020), characterized by persistent bone exposure and poor healing. Conventional treatment modalities often yield suboptimal outcomes, with recurrence and procedural morbidity. In recent years, biomaterial-based strategies have emerged as promising alternatives by targeting MRONJ's complex pathophysiolo

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… Antiangiogenic drugs, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibodies (e.g., bevacizumab), decoy receptors (e.g., aflibercept), and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., sunitinib, cabozantinib, sorafenib), further contribute to MRONJ by impairing vascularization and bone regeneration …

The regulatory networks and mechanisms of bone microenvironment in tumorigenesis and metastasis.

Bone tumors, encompassing heterogeneous primary and metastatic lesions, are driven in their initiation, progression, and metastasis by dysregulation of the bone microenvironment (BME). Clinically manifested by localized pain, pathological fractures, and neurological deficits, these malignancies substantially threaten patient survival. Radiographic patterns (osteolytic, osteoblastic, mixed) directly reflect pathogenic BME-tumor interactions, particularly involving osteoblast-osteoclast imbalance. The BME-a specialized niche of bone-resident cells (osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts), immune c

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… In addition to monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors represent a major class of anti-angiogenic drugs by targeting receptors like VEGFR, PDGFR, and FGFR.[ 178 ] Tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sunitinib, sorafenib, and cabozantinib inhibit bone metastasis by directly suppressing tumor …

Drug Repurposing for Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review.

Cancer ranks among the primary contributors to global mortality. In 2022, the global incidence of new cancer cases reached about 20 million, while the number of cancer-related fatalities reached 9.7 million. In Saudi Arabia, there were 13,399 deaths caused by cancer and 28,113 newly diagnosed cases of cancer. Drug repurposing is a drug discovery strategy that has gained special attention and implementation to enhance the process of drug development due to its time- and money-saving effect. It involves repositioning existing medications to new clinical applications. Cancer treatment is a therap

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… Combined administration of sunitinib with ARBs and ACE inhibitors enhances overall survival, response rate, and progression-free survival and decreases initial treatment relapse in patients with renal cell carcinoma [ 88 , 89 , 90 ]. …

CAR T cells: engineered immune cells to treat brain cancers and beyond.

Malignant brain tumors rank among the most challenging type of malignancies to manage. The current treatment protocol commonly entails surgery followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, however, the median patient survival rate is poor. Recent developments in immunotherapy for a variety of tumor types spark optimism that immunological strategies may help patients with brain cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells exploit the tumor-targeting specificity of antibodies or receptor ligands to direct the cytolytic capacity of T cells. Several molecules have been discovered as potential t

Modulation of Angiogenic Processes by the Human Gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr Virus and Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus.

Angiogenesis is the biological process by which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing vessels. It is considered one of the classic hallmarks of cancer, as pathological angiogenesis provides oxygen and essential nutrients to growing tumors. Two of the seven known human oncoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), belong to the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. Both viruses are associated with several malignancies including lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and Kaposi's sarcoma. The viral genomes code for a plethora of viral factors, includin

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… These include the VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab (Avastin), VEGFR-2 antagonist ramucirumab (Cyramza) and several receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors that target VEGFRs, c-Met, and PDGFR, such as sunitinib (Sutent) and cabozantinib (Cabometyx). …

Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most lethal and prevalent malignancies in the world and was responsible for nearly 881,000 cancer-related deaths in 2018. Surgery and chemotherapy have long been the first choices for cancer patients. However, the prognosis of CRC has never been satisfying, especially for patients with metastatic lesions. Targeted therapy is a new optional approach that has successfully prolonged overall survival for CRC patients. Following successes with the anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) agent cetuximab and the anti-angiogenesis agent bevacizumab, new agents

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… CRC control in the phase II and III HORIZON study, 213 , 214 as did nintedanib, a TKI with the ability to block all VEGFRs, FGFR1-3, PDGFR-α, and PDGFR-β, according to the phase III LUME-Colon 1 trial. 215 Other on-market TKIs, such as the gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)-targeted imatinib and sunitinib … 03797326 Cabozantinib | Pan-VEGFR | Solid tumors | Phase 1/2 | NCT03170960 KRAS-wild-type mCRC | Phase 1 | NCT02008383 Axitinib | Pan-VEGFR | First-line mCRC | Phase 2 | NCT 01490866 mCRC | Phase 2 | NCT 00615056 Pazopanib | Pan-VEGFR | Second-line mCRC | Phase 1 | NCT 00540943 CRC | Phase 1 | NCT00387387 Sunitinib …