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Novel histone deacetylase-inhibiting 5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives with exceptional efficacy against Phakopsora pachyrhizi.

BACKGROUND: Asian soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi (P. pachyrhizi) poses a serious threat to global soybean production, and resistance to conventional fungicides is increasing. Therefore, new fungicides with novel modes of action are urgently needed. This study aimed to design and optimize potent 5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (TFMO) derivatives inspired by fungal histone deacetylase inhibition. RESULTS: Forty-two TFMO derivatives were synthesized through bioisosteric modification and linker optimization. Among them, FM-17888 showed the highest activity against P. pachyrhizi

Simplicillium lamellicola (Smith) Zare & Gams, a novel hyperparasitic fungus infecting Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici.

Wheat stripe (or yellow) rust, caused by the Basidiomycota fungus Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn. (Pst), is one of the most destructive wheat diseases globally. Frequent outbreaks of this disease often lead to substantial crop yield losses. Currently, the primary strategies for controlling wheat stripe rust rely on the cultivation of resistant cultivars and the application of fungicides. However, fungicide use is associated with a range of adverse effects, such as environmental pollution and disruption of ecological balance. As a result, the development of promising bi

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Responses Associated with Foliar Selenium Treatment Under Cold Stress in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Seedlings.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop, but seedling growth is often restricted by low temperatures in late autumn and winter. Selenium (Se) may modulate plant stress responses, but its dose-dependent effects and associated molecular responses in rapeseed under cold stress remain unclear. Seedlings were exposed to 4 °C for 3 d and received foliar applications of 10, 20, or 40 mg L-1 Na2SeO3. Based on physiological responses, the 20 mg L-1 treatment was selected for integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses alongside the normal-temperature control and the cold-stress gro

Spatiotemporal localization of jasmonate in the regulation of fruit set in tomato.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a globally important crop, typically requiring pollination for fruit set. Seedless fruit production-fruit set without pollination (parthenocarpy)-is a desirable trait for horticulture, but its molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Research on tomato fruit set has largely focused on phytohormones such as auxin and gibberellins (GAs), while the role of jasmonic acid (JA) remains unclear. Here, we identified a novel seedless mutant, Sldad1 (Solanum lycopersicum defective in anther dehiscence1) with a mutation in JA biosynthesis induced by ethyl methanesul

Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils and Gastric Cancer Risk: Molecular Insights and the Relevance of a One Health Perspective.

Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils has emerged as a critical environmental and public health issue associated with increased gastric cancer incidence worldwide. Among the most concerning pollutants are cadmium, arsenic, and lead, which persist in the environment and enter the human body primarily through the soil-plant-food chain. This review integrates environmental, molecular, and epidemiological evidence to explain how these metals alter gastric mucosal biology and promote carcinogenesis. Mechanistically, cadmium, arsenic, and lead trigger oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfun

Betulinic Acid Delays Turnip Mosaic Virus Infection by Activating the Phytosulfokine Signalling Pathway in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Plant viral diseases pose a significant threat to agricultural production, and the availability of effective drugs against viral diseases remains limited. In this study, we discovered that betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid derived from plants, delays infection by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that BA treatment specifically induced the expression of N. benthamiana phytosulfokine 3 (NbPSK3), a plant pentapeptide hormone with diverse functions, while TuMV infection suppressed its expression. Further study demonstrated that NbPS

Salicylic acid influences the resistance of colored calla lily to soft rot (Pectobacterium carotovorum) via the TGA2-LNC88940-miR528-SOD module.

Soft rot is a major disease affecting the production of colored calla lily, significantly compromising its ornamental, commercial, and market value. In this study, we identified potential long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in colored calla lily (Zantedeschia elliottiana) leaves infected with soft rot via transcriptome sequencing. Among them, long non-coding RNA 88490 (LNC88940) was identified as a differentially expressed lncRNA that was significantly upregulated following soft rot infection. The results revealed that LNC88940 functions as an endogenous target mimic (eTM) for miR528, reducing the

Trends of climate variability and its association with farmers' perceptions of climate change in Gassera district, southeastern Ethiopia.

Climate change and variability have threatened rain-fed subsistence agriculture by affecting the livelihoods of rural communities in Ethiopia. The Gassera district is among the high-potential crop production areas and is severely affected by recurrent drought resulting from climate change. This study examined trends in climatic variability, farmers' perceptions, and the determinants of climate change in the Gassera district, southeastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey design was employed to select agroecologies and collect data from 444 farm households via multistage random sampling. Linea…

The spatio-temporal variability of soil microplastic distribution and erosion-induced microplastic export under extreme rainfall event using sediment fingerprinting and 7Be in intensive agricultural catchment.

Intensive agricultural production and land management often lead to soil microplastics (MPs) accumulation and aggravated erosion consequently polluting water bodies. However, little is known about the occurrence and migration of soil MPs induced by soil erosion at the catchment scale. This study firstly reported the spatio-temporal variability in soil MPs distribution, and erosion-induced microplastic export loads under extreme rainfall events in an intensive agricultural catchment. The results indicated that microplastic abundance peaked in November 2022 and varied by land use types, among wh

Biocontrol strategies with Bacillus and Lactobacillus: toward sustainable management of fungal pathogens.

Fungal pathogens continue to pose a significant challenge to global agriculture, food security, and public health, resulting in substantial crop losses, food spoilage, and the accumulation of harmful mycotoxins. The extensive reliance on synthetic chemical fungicides raises serious concerns, including the emergence of resistant fungal strains, ecotoxicity, and adverse health effects. This review highlights the potential of Bacillus spp. and Lactobacillus (LAB) in the development of natural antifungal agents. These bacterial genera are known for the production of a wide range of bioactive metab

Symbiotic Fungus Serendipita indica as a Natural Bioenhancer Against Cadmium Toxicity in Chinese Cabbage.

Heavy metal toxicity, particularly cadmium (Cd), poses a growing threat to agriculture and human health due to its persistence and high solu … ience in Cd-contaminated environments and may offer a promising biological strategy for sustainable crop production under heavy metal stress.

L-Lysine from Bacillus subtilis M320 Induces Salicylic-Acid-Dependent Systemic Resistance and Controls Cucumber Powdery Mildew.

Powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fusca poses a significant threat to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production worldwide, underscoring the need for sustainable disease management strategies. This study investigates the potential of L-lysine, abundantly produced by Bacillus subtilis M 320 (BSM320), to prime systemic acquired resistance (SAR) pathways in cucumber plants. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified L-lysine as the primary bioactive metabolite in the BSM320 culture filtrate. Foliar application of purified L-lysine significantly reduced powdery mildew symptoms,

The dual nature of plant growth-promoting bacteria: Benefits, risks, and pathways to sustainable deployment.

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are pivotal in sustainable agriculture, enhancing crop productivity and reducing reliance on chemical inputs. However, their dual role as beneficial agents and potential stressors remains underexplored. This review examines the paradoxical adverse effects of PGPB, challenging the predominantly optimistic narrative surrounding their use. At the plant level, unintended consequences include hormonal imbalances (e.g., auxin-induced root inhibition), phytotoxic metabolite production (e.g., hydrogen cyanide), and trade-offs between growth and defense mechanisms

Pathogenicity of Streptomyces scabies and identification of tolerant potato cultivars for scab-prone regions.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a crop of global significance, with significant production in Pakistan, Egypt, etc. it is quite vulnerable to Streptomyces scabies, which causes common scab., leading to substantial yield and economic losses. Conventional control methods, including soil pH adjustment and chemical treatments, are often inconsistent and expensive, necessitating the development of resistant cultivars. This study isolated and purified S. scabies from infected tubers using yeast malt extract agar (YMA). The isolates were confirmed as pathogenic through hypersensitivity tests on Nico

A translation proofreader of archaeal origin imparts multi-aldehyde stress tolerance to land plants.

Aldehydes, being an integral part of carbon metabolism, energy generation, and signalling pathways, are ingrained in plant physiology. Land plants have developed intricate metabolic pathways which involve production of reactive aldehydes and its detoxification to survive harsh terrestrial environments. Here, we show that physiologically produced aldehydes, i.e., formaldehyde and methylglyoxal in addition to acetaldehyde, generate adducts with aminoacyl-tRNAs, a substrate for protein synthesis. Plants are unique in possessing two distinct chiral proofreading systems, D-aminoacyl-tRNA deacylase1

Integrated physio-biochemistry and RNA-seq revealed the mechanism underlying biochar-mediated alleviation of compound heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As) toxicity in cotton.

Biochar has been recognised as an efficacious amendment for the remediation of compound heavy metal contamination in soil. However, the mole … har as a soil amendment to neutralise the toxicity of compound heavy metals is recommended for cash crop production.

Bioactivity of an organic farming aid with possible fungistatic properties against some oil palm seedling foliar pathogens.

Synthetic fungicides are necessary evil in crop production, their usage cannot be neglected or abandoned but must be alternated/supplemented with other control measures such as cultural, host resistance and biocontrol methods to reduce their detrimental effect on the environment and living organisms. A bioproduct (wood vinegar) was evaluated against oil palm seedling pathogens at CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute, Kusi at different concentrations and compared with an inorganic fungicide at the manufacturer's recommended dosage. Disease pathogens were isolated from collected diseased leaf sample…

Разграничение Genotype X Environment Cooperation for Green Yeeld в Весне Барли в условиях необработанной и фунгицидной среды.

Барли (Hordeul vulgare L.) — четвёртый по величине урожай зерновых культур, выращиваемый на основе производства и возделывания. Биотические стрессы, особенно грибковые заболевания в ячменях, являются разрушительными и сопряжены с высокой вероятностью абсолютной потери урожайности. Для удовлетворения растущего спроса на ячмень решающее значение имеет выявление более высоких и стабильных генотипов. Вместе с тем выявление и рекомендация генотипов высшего сорта сопряжены с трудностями из-за взаимосвязи между генотипом и окружающей средой. Таким образом, настоящее исследование было направлено на оц

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… However, the increased application of fungicides in crop production is unsustainable due to the increased production costs and bio-augmentation through environmental contamination [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. … Understanding genotypic interaction with fungicide application will open avenues to lower crop production costs through limited fungicide application. da Silva et al. [ 21 ] studied the effect of fungicide-treated and untreated conditions on the yield of Brazilian oat cultivars ( Avena sativa L.) and …

A Novel PEtOx-Based Nanogel Targeting Prostate Cancer Cells for Drug Delivery.

This study focuses on creating a specialized nanogel for targeted drug delivery in cancer treatment, specifically targeting prostate cancer. This nanogel (referred to as SGK 636/Peptide 563/PEtOx nanogel) is created using hydrophilic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) through a combination of living/cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) and alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) "click" chemical reactions. A fluorescent probe (BODIPY) is also conjugated with the nanogel to monitor drug delivery. The characterizations through 1 H-NMR, and FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and DLS confirm the successful product

Foliar application of nanoceria attenuated cadmium stress in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.).

Foliar application of nanoparticles (NPs) as a means for ameliorating abiotic stress is increasingly employed in crop production. In this study, the potential of CeO2-NPs as stress suppressants for cadmium (Cd)-stressed okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) plants was investigated, using two cycles of foliar application of CeO2-NPs at 200, 400, and 600 mg/l. Compared to untreated stressed plants, Cd-stressed plants treated with CeO2-NPs presented higher pigments (chlorophyll a and carotenoids). In contrast, foliar applications did not alter Cd root uptake and leaf bioaccumulation. Foliar CeO2-NPs appl…