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Autonomic control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis.

Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) communicate with peripheral organs largely via the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Through such communications, the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent divisions of the ANS may affect thermogenesis and blood glucose levels. In contrast, peripheral organs send feedback to the CNS via hormones and autonomic afferent nerves. These humoral and neural feedbacks, as well as neural commands from higher brain centers directly or indirectly shape the metabolic function of autonomic neurons. Notably, recent developments in mouse genetics have enabled more

Overview of endocrine systems in primary hypertension.

Multiple hormonal factors play a major role in the functional and structural abnormalities of hypertension (HT). At present, the kidneys and, in particular, renal Na(+) retention are thought to constitute a primary and sustaining mechanism in the development of HT. However, the precise renal and hormonal mechanisms leading to increased Na(+) reabsorption and HT remain unknown. Because the vast majority of HT is primary, this article focuses on the major endocrine systems, the RAS, aldosterone, and the SNS, that play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of HT.

Cardiac sympathetic degeneration informs the duration of the prodromal stage of body-first Lewy body disease.

Body-first Lewy body disease (LBD) is hypothesized to begin in the peripheral autonomic nervous system years before nigrostriatal involvement. Isolated REM sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD) is considered an early manifestation of body-first LBD but is preceded by an unknown period of peripheral autonomic degeneration. Consequently, the total duration of the prodromal phase remains unknown. We used longitudinal imaging data to model the progression of cardiac sympathetic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration and employed the resulting curves to estimate the prodromal period of body-first LB

Interaction of opioids and vasopressin in central action of angiotensin II in conscious rabbits.

It has been demonstrated that opioids modulate the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous system. To clarify the interaction of central angiotensin II (Ang II) and endogenous opioids, we studied the effects of naloxone, an opioid antagonist, on cardiovascular and sympathetic responses to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) Ang II in conscious rabbits. I.c.v. Ang II (20 ng/min) significantly increased mean arterial pressure (MAP), plasma epinephrine, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels, with no significant change in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) or heart rate. Pretreatment with intr…

Роль адаптивной реакции на стресс в множественном склерозе.

Множественный склероз (MS) является наиболее распространенным аутоиммунным воспалительным неврологическим заболеванием, вызывающим множественные демиелионирующие повреждения в белой материи центральной нервной системы (КНС). Его патогенез включает генетические и экологические механизмы, которые ведут к разрушению миелин с помощью иммунных клеток, а также к повреждениям аксона и глиняным шрамам в CNS. Адаптивная реакция на стресс может вызвать усиление MS в результате высвобождения гормонов и нейропептидов, что приведет к регулированию иммунной дистрибуции и изменению производства цитокина. Точ

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest autoimmune inflammatory neurological disease presenting multifocal demyelinating lesions in the whi … of the principal components of the stress system, i.e. the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the sympathetic nervous system and the dopaminergic system, have been described in MS patients. In this critical review the role of the stress adaptive response in the manifestation and exacerbation of MS is described.

Role of the Melanocortin System in the Central Regulation of Cardiovascular Functions.

Increasing evidence indicates that the melanocortin system is not only a central player in energy homeostasis, food intake and glucose level regulation, but also in the modulation of cardiovascular functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate. The melanocortins, and in particular α- and γ-MSH, have been shown to exert their cardiovascular activity both at the central nervous system level and in the periphery (e.g., in the adrenal gland), binding their receptors MC3R and MC4R and influencing the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. In addition, some studies have shown that the activa…

Unraveling autonomic cardiovascular control complexity during orthostatic stress: Insights from a mathematical model.

Understanding cardiovascular control mediated by the autonomic system remains challenging due to its inherent complexity. Consequently, syndromes such as orthostatic intolerance continue to evoke debates regarding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. This study develops a comprehensive mathematical model simulating the control of the sympathetic branch of the cardiovascular system in individuals with normal and abnormal responses to the head-up-tilt test. We recruited four young women: one control, one with vasovagal syncope, one with orthostatic hypertension, and one with orthostatic

Neural control of cardiovascular function in black adults: implications for racial differences in autonomic regulation.

Black adults are at increased risk for developing hypertension and cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease and have greater associated morbidity/mortality than white adults who are otherwise demographically similar. Despite the key role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiovascular function, the mechanistic contributions of sympathetic nerves to racial differences in cardiovascular dysfunction and disease remain poorly understood. In this review, we present an update and synthesis of current understanding regarding the roles of autonomic neural mechanisms in normal and

Sympathetic neural overactivity in healthy humans after prolonged exposure to hypobaric hypoxia.

Acute exposure to hypoxia causes chemoreflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system. During acclimatization to high altitude hypoxia, arterial oxygen content recovers, but it is unknown to what degree sympathetic activation is maintained or normalized during prolonged exposure to hypoxia. We therefore measured sympathetic nerve activity directly by peroneal microneurography in eight healthy volunteers (24 +/- 2 years of age) after 4 weeks at an altitude of 5260 m (Chacaltaya, Bolivian Andes) and at sea level (Copenhagen). The subjects acclimatized well to altitude, but in every subject s…

Distribution of α-synuclein in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia in an autopsy cohort of elderly persons.

BACKGROUND: Lewy body-related α-synucleinopathy (LBAS, the abnormal accumulation of pathologic α-synuclein) is found in the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and sympathetic ganglia, of Parkinson's disease patients. However, few studies have focused on the distribution of LBAS in the spinal cord, primary sensory neurons, and preganglionic sympathetic nerves. RESULTS: We analyzed 265 consecutive subjects with LBAS who underwent autopsy at a general geriatric hospital. LBAS in the spinal cord was significantly associated with that in the low

A rare mediastinal occurrence of neuroblastoma in an adult: case report.

CONTEXT: Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial malignant solid tumor that occurs during childhood. It arises from primitive cells and is seen in the adrenal medulla and sympathetic ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. CASE REPORT: We present a rare case of a 40-year-old man who was diagnosed with the onset of neuroblastoma arising in the mediastinum. He was treated by means of surgical resection in the superior mediastinum after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The patient's surgical outcome was satisfactory. CONCLUSION: There are still no standard treatment guidelines for adult neuro…

[An adrenal neuroblastoma regression diagnosed and followed by ultrasound: a case report].

Neuroblastoma is an embryonal tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, arising during fetal or early post-natal life from sympathetic cells derived from the neural crest. A 9-day-old boy was diagnosed as adrenal neuroblastoma with liver metastasis by biopsy. After 6 years of follow-up with ultrasound observation, the boy presents a process of spontaneous recovery without any special treatment. Spontaneous regression of cancer is defined as the decrease in size or disappearance of a primary tumor or metastatic disease without therapeutic intervention. Neuroblastoma is known to show the highest …

[Physiopathology of meningeal hemorrhage caused by aneurysmal rupture: extracerebral aspects].

Subarachnoid hemorrhage induces a lot of extracerebral disturbances such as: systemic hypertension, electrocardiographic abnormalities both morphological, rhythmic and subendocardial damages; those events have been interpreted as overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. In biochemical changes, hyponatremia early recognized was referred during a long time to a syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Hyponatremia is now referred to a cerebral salt-wasting. Hypovolemia often observed supports the use of volemic expansion in the prevention and treatment of ischemic comp…

Re-Examination of Inflammation in Major Depressive Disorder: Bridging Systemic and Neuroinflammatory Insights.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifaceted psychiatric disorder that has been a longstanding focus of research. However, its underlying mechanisms remain underexplored. Recently, the inflammatory hypothesis has gained attention, highlighting inflammation's role in MDD progression. Potential contributors to increased systemic inflammation in MDD include hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system, gut microbiota imbalances, the "pathogen host defense" hypothesis, and damage-associated molecular patterns. Traditional pathways…

Sympathetic nerve damage as a potential cause of lymphoedema after axillary dissection for breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The physiological disturbances leading to lymphoedema after breast cancer surgery are poorly understood. Damage to sympathetic nerves during axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), leading to increased capillary fluid filtration, was investigated as a possible contributory factor. METHODS: The integrity of the upper limb sympathetic nervous system was tested in 36 patients before, and 3 and 12 months after ALND. Forearm vascular resistance (FVR), calculated from forearm blood flow and mean systemic arterial pressure, was measured before and after exposure to lower-body negative pre…

Pathogenesis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in sheep.

The pathogenesis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in sheep was studied by immunohistochemical detection of scrapie-associated prion protein (PrP(Sc)) in the gastrointestinal, lymphoid and neural tissues following oral inoculation with BSE brain homogenate. First accumulation of PrP(Sc) was detected after 6 months in the tonsil and the ileal Peyer's patches. At 9 months postinfection, PrP(Sc) accumulation involved all gut-associated lymphoid tissues and lymph nodes as well as the spleen. At this time point, PrP(Sc) accumulation in the peripheral neural tissues was first seen in the ent

Autonomic Modulation and Body Composition in Educators: Physiological Associations in the Workplace Context.

PURPOSE: This study examined the relationship between body composition and cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in educators. The objective was to explore the associations between body fat mass (BFM) and fat-free mass (FFM) with different heart rate variability (HRV) indices in a sample of educators and to assess whether FFM moderates the relationship between BFM and autonomic function. METHOD: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 253 educators from compulsory and higher education institutions during the 2022-2023 academic year. Autonomic regulation was assessed via HRV

Postganglionic cholinergic dysautonomia with incomplete recovery: a clinical, neurophysiological and immunological case study.

A 26-year-old man presented with signs and symptoms of marked postganglionic cholinergic autonomic dysfunction manifested by non-reacting dilated pupils, paresis of accommodation, decreased salivation, dry skin, atony of the bladder, erectile impotence and complete gastrointestinal paresis. Standard neurophysiological tests for myelinated sensory and motor fibre function and quantitative methods to examine unmyelinated parasympathetic, sympathetic and afferent fibres were performed: parasympathetic function was measured by heart rate variation tests. Sympathetic cutaneous vasoconstrictor respo

Identification of a population of peripheral sensory neurons that regulates blood pressure.

The vasculature is innervated by a network of peripheral afferents that sense and regulate blood flow. Here, we describe a system of non-pep … w, whereas systemic activation increases systolic blood pressure and heart rate variability via the sympathetic nervous system. Ablation of the neurons provokes variability in local blood flow, leading to a reduction in systolic blood pressure, increased heart rate variability, and ultimately lethality within 48 h. Thus, a population of TrkC+ sensory neurons forms part of a …

Sympathetic and baroreflex cardiovascular control in hypertension-related left ventricular dysfunction.

The sympathetic overdrive that characterizes essential hypertension is potentiated when left ventricular hypertrophy or congestive heart fai … astolic dysfunction. These data provide the first evidence that, in hypertension, activation of the sympathetic nervous system may contribute not only at the blood pressure elevation but also at the development of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. The sympathetic overactivity, which is likely to be related to the baroreflex impairment, may account for the increased ca …