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Chemoreception in crocodilians: anatomy, natural history, and empirical results.

Anatomical and behavioral aspects of chemoreception in crocodilians are reviewed. Extant crocodilians possess valvular nostrils regulated by smooth muscles; paired nasal cavities, each with three conchae; and flaps closing the rear of the buccopharyngeal passage to channel inspired air through the nasopharyngeal duct. Olfaction is enhanced by gular pumping, whereby the floor of the pharynx is alternately lowered and raised to pulse air through the nasal cavity. Taste buds occur on the tongue, palate, and pharyngeal walls. Crocodilians in nature or in semi-natural enclosures locate distant carr

Localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA in developing olfactory axons.

During development of the olfactory pathway, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression is regulated both temporally and spatially. We had previous evidence that between E13 and E19 CGRP mRNA was present at the level of olfactory axons but the resolution of light-microscope in situ hybridization did not permit the axons to be distinguished from the closely apposed ensheathing cells. In this study, the localization of CGRP mRNA was studied at early developmental stages (E13-15) through in situ hybridization at the transmission electron-microscope (TEM) level. CGRP transcripts were observ

Gamma and Beta Oscillations Define a Sequence of Neurocognitive Modes Present in Odor Processing.

UNLABELLED: Olfactory system beta (15-35 Hz) and gamma (40-110 Hz) oscillations of the local field potential in mammals have both been linked to odor learning and discrimination. Gamma oscillations represent the activity of a local network within the olfactory bulb, and beta oscillations represent engagement of a systemwide network. Here, we test whether beta and gamma oscillations represent different cognitive modes using the different demands of go/no-go and two-alternative choice tasks that previously were suggested to favor beta or gamma oscillations, respectively. We reconcile previous st…

Characterization of gait and olfactory behaviors in the Balb/c mouse model of autism spectrum disorders.

Abnormalities of gait and olfaction have been reported in persons with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which could reflect involvement of the cerebellum and nodes related to olfaction (e.g., olfactory bulb and ventral temporal olfactory cortex) in neural circuits subserving social, cognitive, and motor domains of psychopathology in these disorders. We hypothesized that the Balb/c mouse model of ASD would express "abnormalities" of gait and olfaction, relative to the Swiss Webster comparator strain. Contrary to expectation, Balb/c and Swiss Webster mice did not differ in terms of quantitative…

Onset of hippocampus-dependent memory impairments in 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

The 5XFAD mice are an early-onset transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in which amyloid plaques are first observed between two and f … erved. The volumetric study using magnetic resonance imaging of the whole brain and specific areas (olfactory bulb, striatum, and hippocampus) did not reveal neuro-anatomical difference. Slight memory deficits appeared at 4 months of age in correlation with an increased astrogliosis and amyloid plaque formation. This early impairment in learning and memory relat …

[Current genetic issues and phenotypic variants in Kallmann syndrome].

Kallmann syndrome is characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia/hyposmia. The hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is due to deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, caused by a defect in the migration of neurons synthesizing gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and anosmia/hyposmia is related to the absence or hypoplasia of the olfactory bulb and tracts. Some patients may have other associated abnormalities such as renal agenesis, cleft palate, dental agenesis, synkinesis, shortening of metacarpal, sensory neural hearing loss and seizures. The aim of this paper is to present an updat…

Behavioral characterization of olfactory, auditory, and motor deficits in 5×FAD mice.

IMPORTANCE: The 5×FAD transgenic mouse model is widely used in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research, yet its non-cognitive phenotypes -- partic … d 12 months (p = 0.007). Amyloid-β and p-Tau accumulation and glial activation were elevated in the olfactory bulb and auditory cortex in an age-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study provides an age-related behavioral and pathological characterization of olfactory and auditory impairments in the 5×FAD mouse model, with motor measures included …

An agent-based model to investigate microbial initiation of Alzheimer's via the olfactory system.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disease. A novel agent-based modelling framework was developed in NetLogo 3D to provide fundamental insights into the potential mechanisms by which a microbe (eg. Chlamydia pneumoniae) may play a role in late-onset AD. The objective of our initial model is to simulate one possible spatial and temporal pathway of bacterial propagation via the olfactory system, which may then lead to AD symptoms. The model maps the bacteria infecting cells from the nasal cavity and the olfactory epithelium, through the olfactory bulb and into the olfac…

Brain changes in Kallmann syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Kallmann syndrome is a rare inherited disorder due to defective intrauterine migration of olfactory axons and gonado … h Kallmann syndrome featured significant morphologic and structural brain changes, likely driven by olfactory bulb hypo-/aplasia, selectively involving the basal forebrain cortex.

Different Glymphatic-Lymphatic Coupling in the Nasal Mucosa and Parasagittal Dura.

BACKGROUND: Glymphatic-lymphatic coupling is difficult to visualize in humans. PURPOSE: To evaluate the transport from the basal subarachno … measured in CSF spaces (perisylvian, above cribriform plate, midsylvian, and parasagittal), in the olfactory bulbs, fila olfactoria, and nasal mucosa, as well as in the cortex, white matter, and parasagittal dura. RESULTS: In the perisylvian CSF, in the CSF above the cribriform plate, in the olfactory bulbs, fila olfactoria, nasal mucosa, and in the cortex, pe …

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in spontaneously hypertensive rat strain SHR/NCrl is associated with specific expression of uncoupling proteins, glucose transporter 1 and BACE1.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder worldwide. To improve treatment strategies … non-pharmacological option to cure ADHD symptoms. RNA was isolated from the medulla oblongata, the olfactory bulb, and the cortex. Gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The cortical expression of GLUT1 was also analyzed by Western Blot. Physical activity was improved by free access to running wheels for six months. Female rats were used in this study and sac …

Adapting the UK Biobank Brain Imaging Protocol and Analysis Pipeline for the C-MORE Multi-Organ Study of COVID-19 Survivors.

SARS-CoV-2 infection has been shown to damage multiple organs, including the brain. Multiorgan MRI can provide further insight on the reperc … ta in 17 min. The automated imaging pipeline derives 1,575 IDPs, assessing brain anatomy (including olfactory bulb volume and intensity) and tissue perfusion, hyperintensities, diffusivity, and susceptibility. In the C-MORE data, IDPs related to atrophy, small vessel disease and olfactory bulbs were consistent with clinical radiology reports. Our exploratory ana …

Identification of FOXG1 mutations in infantile hypotonia and postnatal microcephaly.

FOXG1, located at chromosome 14q12, is critical for brain development, and patients with FOXG1 mutation exhibit developmental encephalopathy … ) were reported as callosal anomaly, decrease in frontal volume, fornix thickening, and hypoplastic olfactory bulbs. A phenotype-genotype correlation was demonstrated as a patient with a novel missense mutation, c.761A > C (p.Tyr254Ser), in the forkhead domain had better outcome and milder brain abnormalities than the other 2 patients with truncating mutation in …

Enhanced Brain Delivery of 2-(Phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic Acid Following Intranasal Administration of Its γ-Substituted Ester Prodrugs.

2-(Phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA) is a potent and selective inhibitor of glutamate carboxypeptidase-II (GCPII) with efficacy in … igh brain as well as plasma 2-PMPA exposures with brain-to-plasma ratios of 2.2, 0.48, and 0.26 for olfactory bulb, cortex, and cerebellum, respectively, as well as an improved sciatic nerve to plasma ratio of 0.84. In contrast, IV administration of compound 1 resulted in similar plasma exposure of 2-PMPA versus the IN route (AUCIV: 76 ± 9 h·nmol/mL versus AUCIN …

Brain damage due to episodic alcohol exposure in vivo and in vitro: furosemide neuroprotection implicates edema-based mechanism.

Adult rats intubated with a single dose of ethanol (alcohol; approximately 5 g/kg) for 5 to 10 successive days incur neurodegeneration in the entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus, and olfactory bulbs accompanied by cerebrocortical edema and electrolyte (Na+, K+) accumulation. The brain damage is not lessened by cotreatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801; also, as reported elsewhere, MK-801 as well as non-NMDA receptor and Ca2+ channel antagonists are not neuroprotective in a similar, but more compressed, intoxication protocol. However, cotreatment with the electrolyte transport inhibitor…

Putative 5-ht5 receptors: localization in the mouse CNS and lack of effect in the inhibition of dural protein extravasation.

Putative 5-ht5 receptor binding sites were visualized by in vitro autoradiography using [125I]LSD (in the presence of clozapine and spiperone) or [3H]5-carboxamidotryptamine (in the presence 8-OH-DPAT, GR127935 and spiperone). Under these conditions, no [3H]5-carboxamidotryptamine labeling was detected in the brain of mice lacking the gene encoding the putative 5-ht5a receptor (knockout mice), whereas intermediate densities of binding sites were seen in the olfactory bulb and neocortex of wild-type mice. [125I]LSD labeled the same areas as [3H]5-carboxamidotryptamine in wild-type mice. High de…

The distribution of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of the silver eel (Anguilla anguilla L.).

The distribution of GABA-immunoreactivity was studied in the brain of the silver eel (Anguilla anguilla) by means of antibodies directed against GABA. Immunoreactive neuronal somata were distributed throughout the brain. Positive perikarya were detected in the internal cellular layer of the olfactory bulb, and in all divisions of the telencephalon, the highest density being observed along the midline. Numerous GABA-reactive cell bodies were found in the diencephalon, particularly in the preoptic and tuberal regions of the hypothalamus, and the dorsolateral, dorsomedial and ventromedial thalami…

Оленепробиваемые потенциальные возможности и результаты МРТ в случае пациентов с множественным склерозом: перекрестное исследование.

Фон: Олокационная дисфункция (ОД) является недооцененным симптомом множественного склероза (МС). Множественные факторы могут играть определенную роль в ОР, сообщаемом пациентами, такими, как постоянное воспаление центральной нервной системы (СНС), повреждение обонятельных ламп в результате демиелиции и наличие таблеток в мозговых зонах, связанных с обонятельной системой. Действительно, исследования в области нейроимации в MS показали четкую связь ОР с числом и активностью связанных с MS таблеток в фронтальных и временных областях мозга. Однако в этих исследованиях использовались только психофи

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Background: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is an underestimated symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS). Multiple factors may play a role in the OD reported by MS patients, such as ongoing inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), damage to the olfactory bulbs due to demyelination, and the presence of plaques in brain areas associated with the olfactory syste…

Transport and Deposition of Welding Fume Agglomerates in a Realistic Human Nasal Airway.

Welding fume is a complex mixture containing ultra-fine particles in the nanometer range. Rather than being in the form of a singular sphere … sited on the olfactory mucosa in human nasal airway is transported along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb within the brain. If this Mn is further transported to the basal ganglia of the brain, it could accumulate at the part of the brain that is the focal point of its neurotoxicity. Accounting for various dynamic shape factors due to particle agglomerat …

Clinical evaluation of pediatric olfactory disorders: a review from etiology to management.

Olfactory perception plays a fundamental role in nutrition, emotional development, and social behavior, yet olfactory disorders (OD) in chil … ques, particularly MRI, provide valuable insights into congenital and acquired abnormalities of the olfactory bulbs and tracts, while CT is reserved for sinonasal or bony pathology. Multidisciplinary collaboration among pediatricians, neurologists, endocrinologists, geneticists, and otolaryngologists is essential to achieve etiological precision. Management stra …