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Chronic, low-level oral exposure to marine toxin, domoic acid, alters whole brain morphometry in nonhuman primates.

Domoic acid (DA) is an excitatory neurotoxin produced by marine algae and responsible for Amnesiac Shellfish Poisoning in humans. Current regulatory limits (˜0.075-0.1 mg/kg/day) protect against acute toxicity, but recent studies suggest that the chronic consumption of DA below the regulatory limit may produce subtle neurotoxicity in adults, including decrements in memory. As DA-algal blooms are increasing in both severity and frequency, we sought to better understand the effects of chronic DA exposure on reproductive and neurobehavioral endpoints in a preclinical nonhuman primate model. To th

Therapeutic monoclonal antibody treatment protects nonhuman primates from severe Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus disease after aerosol exposure.

There are no FDA licensed vaccines or therapeutics for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) which causes a debilitating acute febrile illness in humans that can progress to encephalitis. Previous studies demonstrated that murine and macaque monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provide prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against VEEV peripheral and aerosol challenge in mice. Additionally, humanized versions of two neutralizing mAbs specific for the E2 glycoprotein, 1A3B-7 and 1A4A-1, administered singly protected mice against aerosolized VEEV. However, no studies have demonstrated protection i

Long-Term Management of Vascular Access Ports in Nonhuman Primates Used in Preclinical Efficacy and Tolerability Studies.

Vascular access ports (VAPs) are an essential tool for long-term vascular access in preclinical studies and disease modeling in non-human primates (NHPs). We retrospectively reviewed central (inferior vena cava, IVC) and portal VAP implantation with the maintenance at our center from 15 January 2010 to 31 January 2018. In total, 209 VAPs were implanted for long-term drug administration and sampling. Patency was >95% at 6 months and >80% at 1 year for IVC VAPs and >90% at 6 months and >85% at 1 year for portal VAPs. The majority of animals had no complications and access was generally durable w…

Development of a motor and somatosensory evoked potentials-guided spinal cord Injury model in non-human primates.

Background Nonhuman primates (NHP) may provide the most adequate (in terms of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology) model of spinal cord injury (SCI) for testing regenerative therapies, but bioethical considerations exclude their use in severe SCI. New Method A reproducible model of SCI at the lower thoracic level has been developed in Rhesus macaques. The model comprises surgical resection of 25% of the spinal cord in the projection of the dorsal funiculus and dorsolateral corticospinal pathways, controlled via registration of intraoperative evoked potentials (EPs). The animals were evaluated usi…

Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in captive non-human primates in Sichuan and Guizhou provinces, Southwestern China.

Giardia duodenalis is a common human and animal pathogen. It has been increasingly reported in wild and captive non-human primates (NHPs) in recent years. However, multilocus genotyping information for G. duodenalis infecting NHPs in southwestern China is limited. In the present study, the prevalence and multilocus genotypes (MLGs) of G. duodenalis in captive NHPs in southwestern China were determined. We examined 207 fecal samples from NHPs in Sichuan and Guizhou provinces, and 16 specimens were positive for G. duodenalis. The overall infection rate was 7.7%, and only assemblage B was identif…

Cerebrovascular Remodeling and Neuroinflammation is a Late Effect of Radiation-Induced Brain Injury in Non-Human Primates.

Fractionated whole-brain irradiation (fWBI) is a mainstay of treatment for patients with intracranial neoplasia; however late-delayed radiation-induced normal tissue injury remains a major adverse consequence of treatment, with deleterious effects on quality of life for affected patients. We hypothesize that cerebrovascular injury and remodeling after fWBI results in ischemic injury to dependent white matter, which contributes to the observed cognitive dysfunction. To evaluate molecular effectors of radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPC

Spatial Embedding and Wiring Cost Constrain the Functional Layout of the Cortical Network of Rodents and Primates.

Mammals show a wide range of brain sizes, reflecting adaptation to diverse habitats. Comparing interareal cortical networks across brains of different sizes and mammalian orders provides robust information on evolutionarily preserved features and species-specific processing modalities. However, these networks are spatially embedded, directed, and weighted, making comparisons challenging. Using tract tracing data from macaque and mouse, we show the existence of a general organizational principle based on an exponential distance rule (EDR) and cortical geometry, enabling network comparisons with

Global Metabolomic Identification of Long-Term Dose-Dependent Urinary Biomarkers in Nonhuman Primates Exposed to Ionizing Radiation.

Due to concerns surrounding potential large-scale radiological events, there is a need to determine robust radiation signatures for the rapid identification of exposed individuals, which can then be used to guide the development of compact field deployable instruments to assess individual dose. Metabolomics provides a technology to process easily accessible biofluids and determine rigorous quantitative radiation biomarkers with mass spectrometry (MS) platforms. While multiple studies have utilized murine models to determine radiation biomarkers, limited studies have profiled nonhuman primate (

Antibody neutralization poses a barrier to intravitreal adeno-associated viral vector gene delivery to non-human primates.

Gene delivery vectors based on adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have exhibited promise in both preclinical disease models and human clinical t … on intravitreal gene delivery, we quantified the anti-AAV antibodies present in sera from non-human primates before and after intravitreal injections with various AAV capsids. Analysis showed that intravitreal administration resulted in an increase in anti-AAV antibodies regardless of the capsid serotype, transgene or dosage of virus injected. For monkeys …

Comparative analysis of the effects of antimuscarinic agents on bladder functions in both nonhuman primates and rodents.

Both the physiological role of muscarinic receptors for bladder function and the therapeutic efficacy of antimuscarinic agents for overactive bladder syndrome are well documented. We investigated the effect of antimuscarinic agents with different subtype selectivity on urodynamic parameters in nonhuman primates and rodents and compared plasma levels of these agents between species. Anesthetized rhesus monkeys were transurethrally catheterized, and the bladder was infused with saline. Urodynamic parameters were measured before and after intravenous drug administration. Tolterodine (nonselective…

Impact of amygdala, orbital frontal, or hippocampal lesions on threat avoidance and emotional reactivity in nonhuman primates.

The authors measured the effects of bilateral amygdaloid, orbital frontal, or hippocampal lesions on emotional reactivity and passive avoidance in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Animals were presented with 8 neutral or 8 aversive objects, each paired with a highly preferred food reward. Sham-operated control animals displayed heightened defensive behaviors and typically would not approach or retrieve the food when paired with a potential predator (coiled rubber snake), 2 conditioned aversive stimuli for laboratory-housed monkeys (a capture net and leather handling gloves), and 1 object displ

A novel Brucella isolate in association with two cases of stillbirth in non-human primates - first report.

BACKGROUND: Brucellosis is veterinary and human health problem. METHODS: A 13-year-old wild caught multiparous and an 8-year-old colony-bor … est of our knowledge the first presentation of a naturally acquired Brucella infection in non-human primates associated with stillbirths from the same colony where Brucella seropositivity in the baboons was described 45 years ago. The organism appears to represent a previously undescribed Brucella species.

Одна вакцина от инъекции защищает нечеловеческих приматов от инфекции марбургским вирусом и тремя видами вируса эболы.

Филовирусный вирус Марбурга и вирус Эболы вызывают сильную геморрагическую лихорадку с высокой смертностью у людей и нечеловеческих приматов. Одной из наиболее перспективных филовирусных вакцин, разрабатываемых в настоящее время, является система, основанная на рекомбинантном вирусе сосудистого стоматита (VSV), которая отражает единый филовирус гликотеина (GP) вместо VSV glycoprotein (G). Здесь мы провели концептуальное исследование, с тем чтобы определить потенциал применения одной вакцины для инъекции, способной защитить нечеловеческие приматы от заирского эболавируса (SEBOV), заирского эбол

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The filoviruses Marburg virus and Ebola virus cause severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality in humans and nonhuman primates. Among the most promising filovirus vaccines under development is a system based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) that expresses a single filovirus glycoprotein (GP) in place of the VSV glycoprotein (G). Here, we per…

Monovalent virus-like particle vaccine protects guinea pigs and nonhuman primates against infection with multiple Marburg viruses.

BACKGROUND: Virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines have the advantage of being morphologically and antigenically similar to the live virus from which they are derived. Expression of the glycoprotein and VP40 matrix protein from Lake Victoria marburgvirus (MARV) results in spontaneous production of VLPs in mammalian cells. Guinea pigs vaccinated with Marburg virus VLPs (mVLPs) or inactivated MARV (iMARV) develop homologous humoral and T-cell responses and are completely protected from a lethal homologous MARV challenge. AIMS & METHODS: To determine whether mVLPs based on the Musoke (aka Lake

Quantification of cerebral blood flow in nonhuman primates using arterial spin labeling and a two-compartment model.

Noninvasive absolute quantification of cerebral blood flow (CBF) with high spatial resolution is still a challenging task. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method for accurate perfusion quantification. However, modeling of ASL data is far from being standardized and has not been investigated in great detail. In this study, two-compartment modeling of monkey ASL data in three physiological conditions (baseline, sensory activated and globally elevated CBF) is reported. Absolute perfusion and arterial transit times were derived for gray matter (GM) and

Transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium infection in a natural population of non-human primates at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka.

Infections from Cryptosporidium parvum are of interest not only to public health, but also to wildlife conservation, particularly when human … species/types associated with bovines. Livestock apparently was a main source of infection for wild primates.

Monitoring antidonor alloantibodies as a predictive assay for renal allograft tolerance/long-term observations in nonhuman primates.

BACKGROUND: In an effort to define reliable assays that might predict postimmunosuppressant-withdrawal development of chronic rejection (CR), despite conditioning for tolerance induction, we evaluated various immunological responses in nonhuman primate renal allograft recipients. METHODS: Fourteen Cynomolgus monkeys received low dose total body irradiation, thymic irradiation, antithymocyte globulin, and peritransplant CD154 blockade, followed by a one-month course of cyclosporine. Recipients underwent major histocompatibility complex mismatched kidney transplantation with donor bone marrow i

Hindlimb adaptations in Ourayia and Chipetaia, relatively large-bodied omomyine primates from the Middle Eocene of Utah.

North American omomyids represent a tremendous Eocene radiation of primates exhibiting a wide range of body sizes and dietary patterns. Despite this adaptive diversity, relatively little is known of the postcranial specializations of the group. Here we describe hindlimb and foot bones of Ourayia uintensis and Chipetaia lamporea that were recovered from the Uinta B member (early Uintan Land Mammal Age), Uinta Formation, Utah. These specimens provide insights into the evolution of postcranial adaptations across different body sizes and dietary guilds within the Eocene primate radiation. Body mas…

Relationship between maternal and fetal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during graded maternal hyperglycemic states in primates.

Our goal was to conduct a controlled study using an established timed-pregnant baboon model to describe the maternal and fetal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during graded increases in maternal circulating glucose levels. Timed-pregnant baboons were operated on during the second half of pregnancy, and after recovery from surgery, maternal glucose infusions were started. To determine changes in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, maternal and fetal blood samples were obtained before glucose infusion and at 30-minute intervals to include 30 minutes postinfusion. Maternal plasma

Application of biochemical and polymerase chain reaction assays for identification of Campylobacter isolates from non-human primates.

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was performed on 167 thermophilic campylobacters isolated from non-human primates. Samples were first identified by phenotypic methods resulting in 64 Campylobacter jejuni and 103 C. coli strains. Four strains identified biochemically as C. coli, were then determined to be C. jejuni by PCR. Comparison of methodologies showed that the main discrepancies were attributed to the hippurate hydrolysis test and sensitivity to cephalothin and nalidixic acid. Analysis of data showed that the application of phenotypic methods should be supplemented by a …