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Primary hyperhidrosis: an updated review.

BACKGROUND: Hyperhidrosis (HH) is a condition characterized by excessive sweating beyond the physiological needs of thermoregulation. HH can be classified as primary (idiopathic) hyperhidrosis (PHH) or secondary hyperhidrosis (SHH), which is associated with underlying medical conditions, medications or systemic disorders. This narrative review provides an updated overview of PHH, with a focus on epidemiology, aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches and current management strategies, particularly highlighting pharmacological and procedural treatment options. METHODS:

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… treatments for PHH and include topical antiperspirants, topical anticholinergic and topical botulinum toxin (BTX) type A liposomal cream. 115 – 119 , 200 Topical antiperspirants Topical antiperspirants primarily consist of metal salts, most notably aluminium salts such as aluminium chloride and aluminium zirconium …

Micro and nanotechnologies: The little formulations that could.

The first publication of micro- and nanotechnology in medicine was in 1798 with the use of the Cowpox virus by Edward Jenner as an attenuated vaccine against Smallpox. Since then, there has been an explosion of micro- and nanotechnologies for medical applications. The breadth of these micro- and nanotechnologies is discussed in this piece, presenting the date of their first report and their latest progression (e.g., clinical trials, FDA approval). This includes successes such as the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines from Pfizer, Moderna, and Janssen (

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… later applied as imaging and drug delivery technologies including the 1992 FDA approved Feridex NP. 13 , 14 Further, gold NPs were first formed by Faraday in 1857, and applied for similar imaging and drug delivery applications. 16 Also used for imaging are hafnium nanoparticles which were isolated from zirconium …

The various therapeutic applications of the medical isotope holmium-166: a narrative review.

Over the years, a broad spectrum of applications of the radionuclide holmium-166 as a medical isotope has been established. The isotope holmium-166 is attractive as it emits high-energy beta radiation which can be used for a therapeutic effect and gamma radiation which can be used for nuclear imaging purposes. Furthermore, holmium-165 can be visualized by MRI because of its paramagnetic properties and by CT because of its high density. Since holmium-165 has a natural abundance of 100%, the only by-product is metastable holmium-166 and no costly chemical purification steps are necessary for pro

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… Insertion of other elements in the holmium-based ceramic materials such as barium (Nogueira and de Campos 2012 ) and zirconium (Nogueira and Campos 2016 ) to improve the radiological contrast allowing visualization of the seeds using conventional X-rays and mammography has also been investigated. 166 …

Nanomedicine Approaches for Autophagy Modulation in Cancer Therapy.

Cancer is a daunting global health problem with a steadily rising incidence. Despite the wide arsenal of current anticancer therapies, challenges such as drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, poor targeting, and severe side effects often lead to suboptimal efficacy and poor patient outcomes, highlighting the need for innovative therapies. Autophagy modulation has emerged as an attractive approach to complement existing therapies. The dual role of autophagy in cancer promotion and suppression has inspired the development of new drugs and therapeutic strategies focusing on both inhibition and in

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… extract, induced NF‐κB‐mediated autophagy in Caco‐2. [ 192 ] Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs) MOFs are porous, crystalline materials composed of metal or metal ions (nodes) and organic ligands (linkers) linked by coordinative bonds. [ 193 ] Common metal ions used in drug delivery applications include zirconium … with promising results in several preclinical cancer models. [ 199 ] These include zinc oxide, [ 200 , 201 , 202 ] copper oxide, [ 203 ] selenium, [ 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 ] titanium oxide, [ 212 ] nickel, [ 213 ] cobalt, [ 214 ] vanadium pentoxide, [ 215 ] cerium oxide, [ 143 ] zirconium …

Overcoming resistance to anabolic SARM therapy in experimental cancer cachexia with an HDAC inhibitor.

No approved therapy exists for cancer-associated cachexia. The colon-26 mouse model of cancer cachexia mimics recent late-stage clinical failures of anabolic anti-cachexia therapy and was unresponsive to anabolic doses of diverse androgens, including the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) GTx-024. The histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) AR-42 exhibited anti-cachectic activity in this model. We explored combined SARM/AR-42 therapy as an improved anti-cachectic treatment paradigm. A reduced dose of AR-42 provided limited anti-cachectic benefits, but, in combination with GTx-024, sign

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… Gene expression analyses—qRT–PCR To generate muscle tissue RNA, 15 mg of gastrocnemius muscle tissue was lysed in 10 volumes of lysis buffer per tissue mass in prefilled 2.0‐ml tubes with 3.0 mm zirconium beads (MIDSCI; St. Louis, MO). Tubes were loaded into BeadBlaster™ 24 (MIDSCI; St. …

Role of Next Generation Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) Therapy in Philadelphia Negative Classic Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN): Review of the Literature.

The Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph-) myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), which include essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and myelofibrosis (MF), are enduring and well-known conditions. These disorders are characterized by the abnormal growth of one or more hematopoietic cell lineages in the body's stem cells, leading to the enlargement of organs and the manifestation of constitutional symptoms. Numerous studies have provided evidence indicating that the pathogenesis of these diseases involves the dysregulation of the immune system and the presence of chronic inflam

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… NCT04566978 ) [ 32 ] undertaken at Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospital in 2022 with the main purpose of the study looking at the way the body absorbs, distributes, and gets rid of 89Zr-DFO-REGN3767 [ 33 ]. 89Zr-DFO-REGN3767 is comprised of the anti-LAG-3 antibody, REGN3767 labeled with the positron-emitter zirconium …

Current and upcoming radionuclide therapies in the direction of precision oncology: A narrative review.

As new molecular tracers are identified to target specific receptors, tissue, and tumor types, opportunities arise for the development of both diagnostic tracers and their therapeutic counterparts, termed "theranostics." While diagnostic tracers utilize positron emitters or gamma-emitting radionuclides, their theranostic counterparts are typically bound to beta and alpha emitters, which can deliver specific and localized radiation to targets with minimal collateral damage to uninvolved surrounding structures. This is an exciting time in molecular imaging and therapy and a step towards personal

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… Future directions An additional imaging pair to target CD20 has been proposed, using the positron emitter Zirconium-89 (Zr-89) and Lu-177 conjugated to Ofatumumab. …

Множественные модели миэломы и витро человека для моделирования заболеваний и скрининга на лечение.

Множественная миелома (ММ) — гематологическая порча, характеризующаяся неконтролируемым расширением злокачественных плазменных клеток в микроокружающей среде костного мозга. В то время как культуры подвески клеточных линий MM и мусриновых моделей были краеугольным камнем исследований MM патогенез, эти традиционные системы не могут воспроизвести критические аспекты микроопухоли человека. В частности, нынешние модели неадекватно учитывают ключевые биологические вопросы, включая механизмы приобретения лекарственного сопротивления, стратегии уклонения от иммунитета и роль клеточного перекрестка в

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… The researchers developed a 3D tissue-engineered system using a hydroxyapatite-coated zirconium oxide scaffold seeded with human MSCs and cord blood-derived HSPCs, where HSPCs retained their primitive markers (CD34 + CD38 − ) and functional capacity to form granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte …

Stochasticity of anticancer mechanisms underlying clinical effectiveness of vorinostat.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved vorinostat, also called Zolinza®, for its effectiveness in fighting cancer. This drug is a suberoyl-anilide hydroxamic acid belonging to the class of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). Its HDAC inhibitory potential allows it to accumulate acetylated histones. This, in turn, can restore normal gene expression in cancer cells and activate multiple signaling pathways. Experiments have proven that vorinostat induces histone acetylation and cytotoxicity in many cancer cell lines, increases the level of p21 cell cycle proteins, and enhances p

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… To this end, Chen et al. (2023) [ 102 ] explored the use of zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ) nanoshells for co-delivery of these two drug classes, vorinostat and chloroquine, as autophagy inhibitors, despite their differences in physicochemical properties. …

Future Options of Molecular-Targeted Therapy in Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. With a focus on histology, there are two major subtypes: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (the more frequent subtype), and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (the more aggressive one). Even though SCLC, in general, is a chemosensitive malignancy, relapses following induction therapy are frequent. The standard of care treatment of SCLC consists of platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with etoposide that is subsequently enhanced by PD-L1-inhibiting atezolizumab in the extensive-stage disease, as the addition of immune-checkp

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… Sharma et al. demonstrated a linear association of SC16-uptake and DLL3-expression in SCLC-tissues by 89 zirconium-tracer labeling [ 189 ]. Its use for second- or third-line treatment in both SCLC (n = 74) and LCNEC (n = 8) was evaluated by Rudin et al. …

Nanobodies for Medical Imaging: About Ready for Prime Time?

Recent advances in medical treatments have been revolutionary in shaping the management and treatment landscape of patients, notably cancer patients. Over the last decade, patients with diverse forms of locally advanced or metastatic cancer, such as melanoma, lung cancers, and many blood-borne malignancies, have seen their life expectancies increasing significantly. Notwithstanding these encouraging results, the present-day struggle with these treatments concerns patients who remain largely unresponsive, as well as those who experience severely toxic side effects. Gaining deeper insight into t

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… allowed the use of a range of isotopes with short half-lives for imaging, such as Galium-68 ( 68 Ga, t 1/2 = 67.71 min) and 18 F (t 1/2 = 109.7 min), as well as longer-lived isotopes, such as Technetium-99m ( 99m Tc t 1/2 = 6.0 h), Copper-64 ( 64 Cu t 1/2 = 12.7 h), Indium-111 ( 111 In t 1/2 = 67.2 h), Zirconium …

Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel drugs that exploit the specificity of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to reach target antigens expressed on cancer cells for the delivery of a potent cytotoxic payload. ADCs provide a unique opportunity to deliver drugs to tumor cells while minimizing toxicity to normal tissue, achieving wider therapeutic windows and enhanced pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. To date, nine ADCs have been approved by the FDA and more than 80 ADCs are under clinical development worldwide. In this paper, we provide an overview of the biology and chemistry of each co

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… The majority of immunoPET studies with intact ADCs have utilized Zirconium-89 ( 89 Zr) due to its suitability for radiochemistry and long half-life (T1/2 = 78.4 h) which facilitates optimal imaging of the biodistribution of intact mAbs. 7.1. Preclinical Studies 7.1.1. …

Cuproptosis Inducers in Cancer Therapy: State of the Art and Challenges.

Cancer continues to be the primary cause of death despite significant progress in medicine, and finding effective therapies remains a challenge. New treatments are needed to minimize the harmful effects on the body and increase the selectivity of drugs. These therapies must also overcome cancer cell resistance and prevent metastasis. Metal-based drugs are becoming increasingly crucial for treating tumors, and copper ion-based systems and nanoparticles have been identified as having unique properties and anticancer potential. Given the key role exerted by Cu in the etiology, severity, and progr

Гибридные композитные соединения с оксидами металлов: всеобъемлющий обзор синтеза и многофункциональных видов применения.

В ряде передовых технологий может использоваться разнообразное семейство композитных полимерных (CP) составов с особыми физико-химическими свойствами (MO x). В настоящем исследовании представлен всеобъемлющий обзор комплексных подходов к этим гибридным композитным материалам с уделением особого внимания синергической интеграции оксидов металлов с ХП в целях укрепления их структурной основы, а также их электрических и каталитических свойств. Изучается многофункциональное применение этих материалов, в частности в таких областях, как биомедицинское зондирование, энергосберегающие модули и техноло

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… Mahmood et al. prepared a PANI-zirconium composite by a sol–gel technique. First, PANI was formed by dispersion polymerization of DBSA and the monomer aniline. The morphology and rod-like structure of HCPs were studied by using different techniques such as TEM, SEM and XRD. …

Электрохимические датчики на основе полимера для диагностики нейродегенеративных заболеваний.

Острые и хронические нейродегенеративные заболевания (ND), включая множественный склероз (MS), болезнь Альцгеймера (AD) и болезнь Паркинсона (PD), характеризуются нейродегенерацией, которая представляет собой постепенный сбой и повреждение нейронов и аксонов в центральной нервной системе. Благодаря обнаружению соответствующих биомаркеров нейродегенеративных заболеваний (ND) стало возможным совершенствование клинических диагностических исследований, а также разработка и отслеживание успешных методов лечения заболеваний. Важные биомаркеры, такие, как белки тау, амилоид-β и α-синуклеины, имеют ва

Revisiting Curcumin in Cancer Therapy: Recent Insights into Molecular Mechanisms, Nanoformulations, and Synergistic Combinations.

Curcumin has been extensively investigated as an anticancer agent, yet its clinical application remains constrained by low bioavailability, incomplete mechanistic understanding, and limited therapeutic optimization. In light of growing resistance to conventional chemotherapies and the demand for safer, multi-targeted agents, this review revisits curcumin with a contemporary lens. We critically evaluate the literature published since 2020, focusing on newly elucidated molecular mechanisms by which curcumin regulates tumor progression, including modulation of oncogenic signaling pathways (Wnt/β-

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… absorption | [ 272 ] Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) | Metal nodes, organic linkers | Colorectal cancer | Increases cellular uptake of therapeutics Demonstrates high encapsulation efficiency Induces massive apoptosis Induces efficient tumor regression in vivo Increases cellular uptake of the drug | [ 273 ] Zirconium …

Advances in nanomaterial-mediated CRISPR/Cas delivery: from lipid nanoparticles to vesicle-derived systems.

Gene and genome editing therapies are increasingly connected with nanomaterials, which protect and transport fragile nucleic acids and CRISPR/Cas systems through biological barriers safely and accurately. This review discusses how different nanocarriers, including lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and vesicle-derived systems, can improve delivery efficiency, cell targeting, endosomal escape, and intracellular movement for gene and genome editing. It summarizes findings from early clinical and preclinical studies, comparing several carrier types such as ionizable lipid nanoparticles, polymeric

Understanding DMG: current treatment options and prospective solutions using nanoparticles.

Diffuse Midline Gliomas (DMGs), which include the subset formerly known as Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG), are associated with an extremely poor prognosis and a five-year survival rate below 2-3%. The devastating prognosis stems from an inherently invasive nature, a deep, anatomically restricted location, rapid cellular drug efflux mediated by transporters such as P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2), and an immunologically "cold" microenvironment. Coupled with limited Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability, these biological factors render conventio

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… Specifically, zirconium-labeled liposomal NPs facilitate passive targeting, leading to enhanced uptake and optimal PET imaging in breast cancer models [ 176 ]. …

Targeting LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT for cancer immunotherapy.

In one decade, immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) has become a new pillar of cancer treatment following surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. However, not all cancer patients benefit from single or combination therapy with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies. Thus, an increasing number of immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs) have been screened and their effectiveness evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing-3 (TIM-3), and T cell immunoreceptor w

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… evaluating fianlimab as a monotherapy or in combination with anti-PD-1 inhibitors in patients with melanoma, NSCLC, lymphoma, and HNSCC have been established. 89Zr-DFO-REGN3767 (a fianlimab tracer) is composed of the anti-LAG-3 mAb fianlimab labeled with a radioactive isotope, the positron-emitter zirconium …

Экстракорпоральное обнаружение биомаркеров и патогенов в слюне: всеобъемлющий, панорамный обзор.

Человеческая слюна представляет собой разнородную жидкость с сложным составом, которая содержит антитела, белки и вирусы, что делает ее применимой в клинической диагностике. Анализ проб слюны имеет несколько преимуществ по сравнению с другими биофильтрами, включая неинвазивную и простую процедуру сбора для эксторального обнаружения. Диагностика биомаркеров или патогенов в слюне может осуществляться различными методами: масс-спектрометрией, ПЦР, ЭЛИСА, электрохимическими и оптическими методами, такими, как флуоресцентная, SPR и SERS. Раннее обнаружение раковых и других биомаркеров заболеваний,