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Nerve Growth Factor and Autoimmune Diseases.

NGF plays a crucial immunomodulatory role and increased levels are found in numerous tissues during autoimmune states. NGF directly modulates innate and adaptive immune responses of B and T cells and causes the release of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters controlling the immune system activation in inflamed tissues. Evidence suggests that NGF is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous immune diseases including autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mastocytosis, and chronic granulomatous disease. Furthermore, as NGF levels have been link

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… A newborn with a large NTRK fusion positive infantile fibrosarcoma successfully treated with larotrectinib Pediatr. Blood Cancer 2020 67 e28330 10.1002/pbc.28330 32452122 240. DuBois S.G. Laetsch T.W. Federman N. Turpin B.K. Albert C.M. Nagasubramanian R. Anderson M.E. Davis J.L. Qamoos H.E. …

Novel Therapeutics for Anthracycline Induced Cardiotoxicity.

Anthracyclines remain an essential component of the treatment of many hematologic and solid organ malignancies, but has important implications on cardiovascular disease. Anthracycline induced cardiotoxicity (AIC) ranges from asymptomatic LV dysfunction to highly morbid end- stage heart failure. As cancer survivorship improves, the detection and treatment of AIC becomes more crucial to improve patient outcomes. Current treatment modalities for AIC have been largely extrapolated from treatment of conventional heart failure, but developing effective therapies specific to AIC is an area of growing

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… cardiomyocytes in vitro Chronic DOX (weekly ×3) | Lovastatin | NA | NA | ↓ | ↔ | ↓ | ↓ Cardiac TnT levels | | | | | | | | ↓ DS DNA breaks and DNA damage | | | | | | | | ↓ CTGF transcription | | | | | | | | ↑ ANP levels | | | | | | | | ↑ Doxorubicin antitumor activity in fibrosarcoma …

Targeting Protein Degradation Pathways in Tumors: Focusing on their Role in Hematological Malignancies.

Cells must maintain their proteome homeostasis by balancing protein synthesis and degradation. This is facilitated by evolutionarily-conserved processes, including the unfolded protein response and the proteasome-based system of protein clearance, autophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. In some hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia, misfolding or aggregation of the wild-type p53 tumor-suppressor renders cells unable to undergo apoptosis, even with an intact p53 DNA sequence. Moreover, blocking the proteasome pathway triggers lymphoma cell apoptosis. Extensive studie

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… An interesting observation was made by Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg et al. who observed enhanced mutant p53 degradation in dormant cancer (ovarian, breast, fibrosarcoma) cells under nonproliferating conditions (confluent growth) [ 135 ]. …

Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy and Its Regulation by Cannabinoids in Cancer.

Autophagy is a "self-degradation" process whereby malfunctioned cytoplasmic constituents and protein aggregates are engulfed by a vesicle called the autophagosome, and subsequently degraded by the lysosome. Autophagy plays a crucial role in sustaining protein homeostasis and can be an alternative source of energy under detrimental circumstances. Studies have demonstrated a paradoxical function for autophagy in cancer, displaying both tumour suppressive and tumour promotive roles. In early phases of tumour development autophagy promotes cancer cell death. In later phases, autophagy enables canc

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… Phosphoinoisitide-dependent kinase-1; PTEN, Phosphoinoisitide dependent kinase; TSC1/2, Tuberous sclerosis proteins 1 and 2; RHEB, Ras homolog enriched in brain; Raptor, Regulatory-associated protein of mTOR; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; LKB1, liver kinase B1; Raf, Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma …

Coming of Age for Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidate Signaling: Clinical Applications for Preventing, Detecting and Targeting Tumor-Promoting Inflammation.

A quarter-century after the discovery of autotaxin in cell culture, the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate (LPA)-lipid phosphate phosphatase axis is now a promising clinical target for treating chronic inflammatory conditions, mitigating fibrosis progression, and improving the efficacy of existing cancer chemotherapies and radiotherapy. Nearly half of the literature on this axis has been published during the last five years. In cancer biology, LPA signaling is increasingly being recognized as a central mediator of the progression of chronic inflammation in the establishment of a tumor microenvironmen

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… Enhanced cellular functions through induction of LPA2 by cisplatin in fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2017 431 29 35 10.1007/s11010-017-2971-7 28205098 161. Kanehira M. Fujiwara T. Nakajima S. Okitsu Y. Onishi Y. Fukuhara N. Ichinohasama R. Okada Y. Harigae H. …

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Renaissance of Traditional Mineral Drugs in Cancer: Advanced Delivery Strategies and Bioengineering Approaches.

Traditional mineral drugs represent an underexploited reservoir of natural antitumor agents; however, their clinical translation has historically been hindered by poor bioavailability, non-specific biodistribution, and dose-limiting toxicity. This review comprehensively examines the pharmacological mechanisms and modern formulation strategies driving the renaissance of mineral-based oncology therapeutics. We highlight how mineral drugs exert potent anticancer effects through interconnected pathways, including regulated cell death (e.g., apoptosis, ferroptosis), cell-cycle arrest, and immunomod

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… ATO-based whole-cell vaccines induce antitumor immune responses and suppress tumor growth in mouse models of lung carcinoma, fibrosarcomas, and colon carcinoma [ 82 ]. …

The crosstalk between non-coding RNAs and oxidative stress in cancer progression.

As living standards elevate, cancers are appearing in growing numbers among younger individuals globally and these risks escalate with advancing years. One of the reasons is that instability in the cancer genome reduces the effectiveness of conventional drug treatments and chemotherapy, compared with more targeted therapies. Previous research has discovered non-coding RNAs' crucial role in shaping genetic networks involved in cancer cell growth and invasion through their influence on messenger RNA production or protein binding. Additionally, the interaction between non-coding RNAs and oxidativ

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… receptor γ coactivator 1α prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pyruvate kinase M peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ peroxiredoxin polypyrimidine tract binding protein phosphatase and tensin homolog prostaglandin reductase 2 rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma …

Resveratrol: Molecular Mechanisms, Health Benefits, and Potential Adverse Effects.

Resveratrol (RES), a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, has garnered significant attention due to its diverse biological activities, which include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiaging properties. This review synthesizes current evidence concerning the molecular mechanisms, therapeutic efficacy, and safety profile of RES across a variety of pathologies, with an emphasis on the latest research conducted in recent years. Mechanistically, RES is known to modulate critical signaling pathways such as the activation of sirtuin 1. These actions collectively contribute to the attenuati

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… protein kinase; MCP‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NGFR, nerve growth factor receptor; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2; PD‐L1, programmed death‐ligand 1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase; p53, tumor protein p53; RAF, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma …

A new era of cancer immunotherapy: vaccines and miRNAs.

Cancer immunotherapy has transformed the treatment landscape, introducing new strategies to fight various types of cancer. This review examines the important role of vaccines in cancer therapy, focusing on recent advancements such as dendritic cell vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and viral vector-based approaches. The relationship between cancer and the immune system highlights the importance of vaccines as therapeutic tools. The discussion covers tumor cell and dendritic cell vaccines, protein/peptide vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines (including DNA, RNA, or viral vector-based), with a focus on th

A Comprehensive Review of Modern Cancer Therapies Utilizing Oncolytic Viruses.

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are gaining traction as advanced tools in cancer therapy. They are distinguished by their ability to destroy malignant cells while sparing normal tissue specifically. In addition to their direct tumor-lysing properties, an essential benefit of oncolytic virus therapy is its capacity to activate both the innate and adaptive immune systems. To enhance these therapeutic actions, many OVs have been genetically engineered to encode immune-modulating factors that reestablish or strengthen antitumor immune responses. Recent studies show that combining OVs with other forms of i

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… that NDV efficiently targets a broad range of human tumor cell lines from all three germ layers [ 75 ], including cells from colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, bladder, breast, ovarian, renal, lung, laryngeal, and cervical cancers, as well as glioblastoma, melanoma, pheochromocytoma, various lymphomas, fibrosarcoma …

Dissecting the Crosstalk Between Nrf2 and NF-κB Response Pathways in Drug-Induced Toxicity.

Nrf2 and NF-κB are important regulators of the response to oxidative stress and inflammation in the body. Previous pharmacological and genetic studies have confirmed crosstalk between the two. The deficiency of Nrf2 elevates the expression of NF-κB, leading to increased production of inflammatory factors, while NF-κB can affect the expression of downstream target genes by regulating the transcription and activity of Nrf2. At the same time, many therapeutic drug-induced organ toxicities, including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, dermal toxicity, and neurotoxi

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… The synthesized Nrf2 will translocate to the nucleus, and then form heterodimers with small musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma protein (MAF) K, G, and F. …

Direct Endoplasmic Reticulum Targeting by the Selective Alkylphospholipid Analog and Antitumor Ether Lipid Edelfosine as a Therapeutic Approach in Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common malignancy of the pancreas, shows a dismal and grim overall prognosis and survival rate, which have remained virtually unchanged for over half a century. PDAC is the most lethal of all cancers, with the highest mortality-to-incidence ratio. PDAC responds poorly to current therapies and remains an incurable malignancy. Therefore, novel therapeutic targets and drugs are urgently needed for pancreatic cancer treatment. Selective induction of apoptosis in cancer cells is an appealing approach in cancer therapy. Apoptotic cell death is highly

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… KRAS signals mainly through two signaling pathways—namely, the so-called RAF (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma)→MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase)→MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), and PI3K (phosphoinositide-3-kinase)→AKT→mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling …

A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice.

The T lymphocyte, especially its capacity for antigen-directed cytotoxicity, has become a central focus for engaging the immune system in the fight against cancer. Basic science discoveries elucidating the molecular and cellular biology of the T cell have led to new strategies in this fight, including checkpoint blockade, adoptive cellular therapy and cancer vaccinology. This area of immunological research has been highly active for the past 50 years and is now enjoying unprecedented bench-to-bedside clinical success. Here, we provide a comprehensive historical and biological perspective regar

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… James Allison and colleagues first tested this idea and demonstrated that neutralizing anti-CTLA4 antibodies enhanced antitumoural immunity in mice against transplanted and established colon carcinoma and fibrosarcoma 46 . …

Future perspectives in melanoma research : Meeting report from the "Melanoma Bridge". Napoli, December 1st-4th 2015.

The sixth "Melanoma Bridge Meeting" took place in Naples, Italy, December 1st-4th, 2015. The four sessions at this meeting were focused on: (1) molecular and immune advances; (2) combination therapies; (3) news in immunotherapy; and 4) tumor microenvironment and biomarkers. Recent advances in tumor biology and immunology has led to the development of new targeted and immunotherapeutic agents that prolong progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of cancer patients. Immunotherapies in particular have emerged as highly successful approaches to treat patients with cancer including

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… As a therapeutic approach, intratumoral injection of STING agonists has demonstrated profound therapeutic effects in multiple mouse tumor models, including melanoma, colon, breast, prostate, and fibrosarcoma. …

Chemokines: humble yet mighty players in the tumour microenvironment.

Chemokines are tiny chemotactic cytokines which play a crucial role in pathophysiology by maintaining homeostasis and inflammation. Their role in the tumour microenvironment is very much puzzling because of both pro- and anti-tumourigenic effects. Chemokines have gained much attention today, since it has been recognized that they are game changers in the TME via controlling immune cell recruitment, angiogenesis, metastasis, tumour growth and drug resistance. In this review, we are exploring the role of several chemokines and their receptors in the TME with special focus on immune cell recruitm

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… For example, anthracycline treatment enhances the recruitment of functional, antigen presenting, CD11b + CD11c + Ly6G - MHCII + DC cells, stimulate the cytotoxic activity of effector T cells in fibrosarcoma model ( 200 ). …

Osteosarcoma of the appendicular skeleton in dogs: consensus and guidelines.

Osteosarcoma (OSA) in dogs poses a clinical challenge to veterinary practitioners across the globe. As knowledge evolves, so too do clinical practices. However, there remain uncertainties and controversies. There is value for the veterinary community at large in the generation of a contemporary wide-ranging guideline document. The aim of this project was therefore to assimilate the available published knowledge into a single accessible referenced resource and to provide expert clinical guidance to support professional colleagues as they navigate current OSA challenges and controversies. Primar

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… . | Metastasis rates [( 178 ) (LOE 4b, OEG C)]: Grade 1–10% Grade 2–31% Grade 3–50% Fibrosarcoma | Rare, high metastatic rates in high-grade tumors; difficult to distinguish histologically. | Mixed lesions; similar to fibroblastic OS. | Complete resection can be curative in low-grade cases. …

HDAC3: A Multifaceted Modulator in Immunotherapy Sensitization.

Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) has emerged as a critical epigenetic regulator in tumor progression and immune modulation, positioning it as a promising target for enhancing cancer immunotherapy. This work comprehensively explores HDAC3's multifaceted roles, focusing on its regulation of key immune-modulatory pathways such as cGAS-STING, ferroptosis, and the Nrf2/HO-1 axis. These pathways are central to tumor immune evasion, antigen presentation, and immune cell activation. Additionally, the distinct effects of HDAC3 on various immune cell types-including its role in enhancing T cell activation,

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… Research using a mouse fibrosarcoma model shows that HDAC3 suppresses the CXCL9/10/11-CXCR3 pathway by binding to chemokine promoters. When HDAC3 is blocked, it slows the growth of MCA205 tumors and draws more CXCR3+ T-cells into the tumor environment. …

Mechanisms and Applications of Manganese-Based Nanomaterials in Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy.

Tumors are the second most common cause of mortality globally, ranking just below heart disease. With continuous advances in diagnostic technology and treatment approaches, the survival rates of some cancers have increased. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of the mechanisms underlying tumors, cancer remains a serious public health issue that threatens the health of the population globally. Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element for the human body. Its regulatory role in tumor biology has received much attention in recent years. Developments in nanotechnology have led to the emergence

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… toll-like receptor 4; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; IFNs, interferons; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; ILs, interleukins; IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases; AKT, protein kinase B; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; RAF, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma …

Cancer-Therapy-Related Cardiac Dysfunction: Latest Advances in Prevention and Treatment.

The increasing efficacy of cancer therapies has significantly improved survival rates, but it has also highlighted the prevalence of cancer-therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the identification, monitoring, and management of CTRCD, a condition resulting from several treatments, such as anthracyclines, HER2-targeted therapies, target therapies, and radiotherapy. The paper includes a discussion of the mechanisms of CTRCD associated with various cancer treatments. Early detection through serum biomarkers and advanced imaging techniques is

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… ++ + ++ | [ 9 , 14 ] MEK Inhibitors Binimetinib Cobimetinib Trametinib Selumetinib | Melanoma Melanoma Melanoma, NSCLC, Anaplastic thyroid cancer Neurofibromatosis Type 1 | Inhibition of MAPK signaling: ↑ Oxidative stress Cellular apostosis | ++ +++ ++ +++ | [ 3 , 9 , 14 ] BRAF (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma …