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Keyword Index for Volume 104

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… localisation 841 sunitinib 241, 741, 1686 sunitinib malate 399 sunlight 214 surgery 1393, 1810, 1840 survival 60, 726, 1246, 1680, 1747, 1890 survivin 781, 941 survivorship 927 systematic review 1196 systemic lupus 1478 TACE 138 TAGLN2 808 tamoxifen 899, 1558 targeted therapy 399, 464, 1256, 1686 taxanes 316 temozolomide …

Prospects for γδ T cells and chimeric antigen receptor γδ T cells in cancer immunotherapy.

γδ T cells, a type of specialized T cell, differ from alpha-beta T cells due to the presence of γ and δ chain surface T cell receptors. These receptors allow them to directly recognize and bind antigenic molecules without the requirement of attachment to MHC or APC antigen presentation. Given their intrinsic properties and functional versatility, γδ T cells are under intensive investigation as carriers for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) in the context of cancer therapy. In this regard, γδ CAR-T cells have demonstrated great potential to overcome the limitations of antigen recognition with the

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… Following this expansion, the cells underwent gene transduction with methyl guanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which was subsequently used in conjunction with temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy, and delivered directly to the area surrounding the residual tumor via a Rickham catheter. … A combined treatment regimen of MGMT-modified Γδ T cells and temozolomide chemotherapy is effective against primary high grade gliomas. Sci Rep. (2021) 11:21133. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00536-8 112. Xu J, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Dai H, Yang Q, Wang B, et al. …

CAR-T Cells for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Tumours: Known and Emerging Neurotoxicities.

The advent of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells has recently changed the prognosis of relapsing/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, showing response rates as high as 60 to 80%. Common toxicities reported in the pivotal clinical trials include the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and the Immune effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS), a stereotyped encephalopathy related to myeloid cell activation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, presenting with a distinctive cascade of dysgraphia, aphasia, disorientation, attention deficits, vigilance impairment, motor symptoms,

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… Most studies addressed the setting of progressive/recurrent disease [ 29 , 30 , 33 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 47 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ], although few experiences of CAR-T cell administration in newly diagnosed patients, as a complement to radiotherapy [ 36 ] or in combination with radiation and temozolomide … Phase I study targeting newly diagnosed grade 4 astrocytoma with bispecific antibody armed T cells (EGFR BATs) in combination with radiation and temozolomide J. Neurooncol. 2024 166 321 330 10.1007/s11060-024-04564-y 38263486 PMC10834565 49. Tang X. Zhao S. Zhang Y. Wang Y. Zhang Z. Yang M. Zhu Y. …

Immune landscape-based machine-learning-assisted subclassification, prognosis, and immunotherapy prediction for glioblastoma.

IntroductionAs a malignant brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by intratumor heterogeneity, a worse prognosis, and highly invasive, lethal, and refractory natures. Immunotherapy has been becoming a promising strategy to treat diverse cancers. It has been known that there are highly heterogeneous immunosuppressive microenvironments among different GBM molecular subtypes that mainly include classical (CL), mesenchymal (MES), and proneural (PN), respectively. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of immune landscapes among them is essential for identifying novel immune markers of GBM.

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… At present, the standard of care (SOC) management of GBM is based on the maximum safe surgical removal, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with temozolomide. … Revisiting the immunological aspects of temozolomide considering the genetic landscape and the immune microenvironment composition of glioblastoma. Front Oncol (2021) 11:747690. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.747690 62. Cui X, Wang Q, Zhou J, Wang Y, Xu C, Tong F, et al. …

Role of Cannabidiol for Improvement of the Quality of Life in Cancer Patients: Potential and Challenges.

There is currently a growing interest in the use of cannabidiol (CBD) to alleviate the symptoms caused by cancer, including pain, sleep disruption, and anxiety. CBD is often self-administered as an over-the-counter supplement, and patients have reported benefits from its use. However, despite the progress made, the mechanisms underlying CBD's anti-cancer activity remain divergent and unclear. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of molecular mechanisms to determine convergent anti-cancer actions of CBD from pre-clinical and clinical studies. In vitro studies have begun to elucidate the mo

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… A phase 1b randomised, placebo-controlled trial of nabiximols cannabinoid oromucosal spray with temozolomide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Br. J. Cancer. 2021;124:1379–1387. doi: 10.1038/s41416-021-01259-3. 19. Schloss J., Lacey J., Sinclair J., Steel A., Sughrue M., Sibbritt D., Teo C. … Cannabidiol inhibits RAD51 and sensitizes glioblastoma to temozolomide in multiple orthotopic tumor models. Neuro-Oncol. Adv. 2022;4:vdac019. doi: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac019. 48. De la Harpe A., Beukes N., Frost C.L. …

MTAP-Null Tumors: A Comprehensive Review on Synthetic Vulnerabilities and Therapeutic Strategies.

Homozygous deletion of the 9p21.3 genomic locus spanning the CDKN2A/B and MTAP genes is an event affecting 15% of cancers. While CDKN2A is a well-established tumor suppressor gene, the role of MTAP in tumorigenesis varies across cancer types. MTAP codes for methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, a key enzyme in the methionine salvage pathway, and its loss has been associated with several downstream synthetic vulnerabilities. Despite multiple efforts to exploit MTAP loss for targeted therapies, none of these efforts have yielded substantial results in clinical trials. In this review, we consolidate

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… Mechanism | Drugs | Tumors | Response | References De novo purine synthesis (purine analogs) | ALA | GBM | Diminished stemness and compromised mitochondrial function in vitro, tumor regression in vivo, sensitized tumors to temozolomide | [ 135 ] Adult T-cell leukemia | Improved sensitivity towards MTAP … In addition, ALA sensitized GBM tumors to temozolomide in vitro and in vivo [ 135 ]. The sensitivity of ALA on MTAP-deficient tumors was also apparent in adult T-cell leukemia (ALT) [ 136 ]. …

An Overview of Polymeric Nanoparticles-Based Drug Delivery System in Cancer Treatment.

Cancer is recognized as one of the world's deadliest diseases, with more than 10 million new cases each year. Over the past 2 decades, several studies have been performed on cancer to pursue solutions for effective treatment. One of the vital benefits of utilizing nanoparticles (NPs) in cancer treatment is their high adaptability for modification and amalgamation of different physicochemical properties to boost their anti-cancer activity. Various nanomaterials have been designed as nanocarriers attributing nontoxic and biocompatible drug delivery systems with improved bioactivity. The present

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… Therefore, after treatment with cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mercaptopurine, melphalan, and temozolomide, typical drug-induced cholestasis liver damage occurs in uncommon situations. … Dual-Targeting temozolomide loaded in folate-conjugated magnetic triblock copolymer nanoparticles to improve the therapeutic efficiency of rat brain gliomas . …

Frentizole, a Nontoxic Immunosuppressive Drug, and Its Analogs Display Antitumor Activity via Tubulin Inhibition.

Antimitotic agents are one of the more successful types of anticancer drugs, but they suffer from toxicity and resistance. The application of approved drugs to new indications (i.e., drug repurposing) is a promising strategy for the development of new drugs. It relies on finding pattern similarities: drug effects to other drugs or conditions, similar toxicities, or structural similarity. Here, we recursively searched a database of approved drugs for structural similarity to several antimitotic agents binding to a specific site of tubulin, with the expectation of finding structures that could f

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… Sulfonamide ABT-751, as a representative of the colchicine-site ligands, and the first-line drug for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme temozolomide (TMZ) were used as reference compounds. … CUSP9* treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma: Aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, ritonavir, sertraline augmenting continuous low dose temozolomide. Oncotarget. 2014;5:8052–8082. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.2408. 12. …

Role of Autophagy and AMPK in Cancer Stem Cells: Therapeutic Opportunities and Obstacles in Cancer.

Cancer stem cells represent a resilient subset within the tumor microenvironment capable of differentiation, regeneration, and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, often using dormancy as a shield. Their unique properties, including drug resistance and metastatic potential, pose challenges for effective targeting. These cells exploit certain metabolic processes for their maintenance and survival. One of these processes is autophagy, which generally helps in energy homeostasis but when hijacked by CSCs can help maintain their stemness. Thus, it is often referred as an Achilles heel in CSCs, a

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… Similar results were seen in another study, which is under phase II trial and showed a synergistic effect with HCQ and temozolomide in patients with advanced tumors and melanoma [ 228 ]. … Inhibition of autophagy increases susceptibility of glioblastoma stem cells to temozolomide by igniting ferroptosis Cell Death Dis. 2018 9 841 10.1038/s41419-018-0864-7 30082680 PMC6079099 73. Seo W. Silwal P. Song I.C. Jo E.K. The dual role of autophagy in acute myeloid leukemia J. Hematol. …

Oroxylin A: A Promising Flavonoid for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases.

There have been magnificent advancements in the understanding of molecular mechanisms of chronic diseases over the past several years, but these diseases continue to be a considerable cause of death worldwide. Most of the approved medications available for the prevention and treatment of these diseases target only a single gene/protein/pathway and are known to cause severe side effects and are less effective than they are anticipated. Consequently, the development of finer therapeutics that outshine the existing ones is far-reaching. Natural compounds have enormous applications in curbing seve

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… In another study, OA was shown to suppress IP 3 R 1 Akt/β-catenin pathway remarkably, which resulted in sensitizing glioma cells to temozolomide (TMZ) [ 94 ]. … Oroxylin A reversed Fibronectin-induced glioma insensitivity to Temozolomide by suppressing IP3R1/AKT/β-catenin pathway. Life Sci. 2020;260:118411. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118411. 55. Liu C.H., Chen M.F., Tseng T.L., Chen L.G., Kuo J.S., Lee T.J. …

Cancer stem cells: advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of cells in tumors that are characterized by self-renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and maintain tumor heterogeneity. Cancer continues to be a significant global disease burden. In the past, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were the main cancer treatments. The technology of cancer treatments continues to develop and advance, and the emergence of targeted therapy, and immunotherapy provides more options for patients to a certain extent. However, the limitations of efficacy and treatment resistance are still i

Casein Kinase 2 Inhibitor, CX-4945, Induces Apoptosis and Restores Blood-Brain Barrier Homeostasis in In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Glioblastoma.

Background: In oncology, casein kinase 2 (CK2), a serine/threonine kinase, has a dual action, regulating cellular processes and acting as an oncogenic promoter. Methods: This study examined the effect of CX-4945, a selective CK2 inhibitor, in a human U-87 glioblastoma (GBM) cell line, treated with CX-4945 (5, 10, and 15 μM) for 24 h. Similarly, the hCMEC/D3 cell line was used to mimic the blood-brain barrier (BBB), examining the ability of CX-4945 to restore BBB homeostasis, after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then treated with CX-4945 (5, 10, and 15 μM). Results: We reported t

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… Inhibition of Casein Kinase II by CX-4945, But Not Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) by Verteporfin, Enhances the Antitumor Efficacy of Temozolomide in Glioblastoma Transl. Oncol. 2020 13 70 78 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.09.006 31810002 PMC6909086 18. Tian Q. Cui H. Li Y. Lu H. … Targeting Glioma Initiating Cells with A Combined Therapy of Cannabinoids and Temozolomide Biochem. Pharmacol. 2018 157 266 274 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.007 30195736 26. Bova V. Basilotta R. Casili G. Lanza M. Filippone A. Campolo M. Capra A.P. Vitale G. Chisari G. Colarossi C. …

Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Based Therapy against Gliomas.

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive, malignant, and lethal brain tumor of the central nervous system. Its poor prognosis lies in its inefficient response to currently available treatments that consist of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Recently, the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a possible kind of cell therapy against glioblastoma is gaining great interest due to their immunomodulatory properties, tumor tropism, and differentiation into other cell types. However, MSCs seem to present both antitumor and pro-tumor properties depending on the tissue from which they c

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… Furthermore, its high resistance to radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy with temozolomide mean its median survival rate remains at 15 months [ 1 , 2 ]. Intratumor heterogeneity conditions different degrees of sensitivity to treatment. … responsible for the degradation of the tumor suppressor protein p53, (k) blockade of the activity of TGF-β, a cytokine associated with proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and immunosuppression, and (l) inactivation of MGMT, a protein responsible for repairing DNA damage, which sensitizes glioblastomas to temozolomide …

Pharmacogenomics and Big Data in medical oncology: developments and challenges.

Medical oncology, through conventional chemotherapy as well as targeted drugs, remains an important component of cancer patient management, particularly for systemic disease. Despite advances in all areas of medical oncology, certain challenges persist in the form of drug resistance and severe normal tissue toxicity. These unwanted effects can be counteracted through a patient-tailored treatment approach, which in chemotherapy is translated as pharmacogenomics. This research field investigates the way genetic makeup influences a patient's response to various drugs with the aim to minimize tria

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… Drug class | Representative agents | Cell cycle effect/properties | Commonly targeted cancers | References Alkylating agents | Carboplatin, Cisplatin Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamide Dacarbazine, Melphalan, Oxaliplatin, Temozolomide | DNA adduct, cell arrest in G2 phase, angiogenesis inhibitor, hypoxic … Temozolomide, procarbazine and nitrosoureas in the therapy of malignant gliomas: update of mechanisms, drug resistance and therapeutic implications . J Clin Med 2023 ; 12 ( 23 ): 7442 . 38068493 10.3390/jcm12237442 PMC10707404 12 Delgado JL Hsieh CM Chan NL , et al . …

Exploration of the Use of Natural Compounds in Combination with Chemotherapy Drugs for Tumor Treatment.

Currently, chemotherapy is the main treatment for tumors, but there are still problems such as unsatisfactory chemotherapy results, susceptibility to drug resistance, and serious adverse effects. Natural compounds have numerous pharmacological activities which are important sources of drug discovery for tumor treatment. The combination of chemotherapeutic drugs and natural compounds is gradually becoming an important strategy and development direction for tumor treatment. In this paper, we described the role of natural compounds in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs in synergizing, reduci

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… It was reported that lipoic acid not only increased alkylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced O 6 -MeG lesions by inhibiting MGMT, but also attenuated temozolomide resistance in colorectal cancer cells HCT116 [ 102 ]. 3.8. … The role of base excision repair in the sensitivity and resistance to temozolomide-mediated cell death Cancer Res. 2005 65 6394 6400 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0715 16024643 51. McNeer N.A. Philip J. Geiger H. Ries R.E. Lavallée V.-P. Walsh M. Shah M. Arora K. Emde A.-K. Robine N. …

Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids on Tumor Microenvironment: A Molecular Switch in Neoplasia Transformation.

The efficacy of chemotherapy depends on the tumor microenvironment. This microenvironment consists of a complex cellular network that can exert both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on tumor genesis. Given the increasing interest in the effectiveness of cannabis, cannabinoids have gained much attention as a potential chemotherapy drug. Cannabinoids are a group of marker compounds found in Cannabis sativa L., more commonly known as marijuana, a psychoactive drug used since ancient times for pain management. Although the anticancer potential of C. sativa, has been recognized previously, increa

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… The team experimented with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), one of the most frequent and aggressive forms of cancer often associated with death within 12 to 15 months of diagnosis. 61 , 62 The alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ), first-line treatment in the management of GBM, was combined with Δ 9 -THC … A combined preclinical therapy of cannabinoids and temozolomide against glioma. Mol Cancer Ther. 2011;10:90-103. 82. Hegi ME, Liu L, Herman JG, et al. …

Advances in Molecular Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy of Neuroendocrine Tumors.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms make up a heterogeneous group of tumors with inter-patient and intra-patient variabilities. Molecular imaging can help to identify and characterize neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Furthermore, imaging and treatment with novel theranostics agents offers a new, tailored approach to managing NETs. Recent advances in the management of NETs aim to enhance the effectiveness of targeted treatment with either modifications of known substances or the development of new substances with better targeting features. There have been several attempts to increase the detectability of NET

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… Phase I-II Study of Radiopeptide177Lu-Octreotate in Combination with Capecitabine and Temozolomide in Advanced Low-Grade Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 2012;27:561–569. doi: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1276. 49. … First results for Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group (AGITG) control net study: Phase II study of 177Lu-octreotate peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (LuTate PRRT) +/− capecitabine, temozolomide (CAPTEM) for midgut neuroendocrine tumors (mNETs) J. Clin. …

Ginsenoside Rg3: Potential Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Indication in Metastatic Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is still one of the most prevalent cancers and a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The key challenge with cancer treatment is the choice of the best therapeutic agents with the least possible toxicities on the patient. Recently, attention has been drawn to herbal compounds, in particular ginsenosides, extracted from the root of the Ginseng plant. In various studies, significant anti-cancer properties of ginsenosides have been reported in different cancers. The mode of action of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) in in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models and its value as an anti-canc

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… Rg3 has been tested in other cancer models in combination with cyclophosphamide [ 82 , 83 ], gemcitabine [ 84 ], temozolomide [ 85 ], cisplatin [ 86 , 87 , 88 ], docetaxel [ 89 , 90 ], doxorubicin [ 91 , 92 ], and As 2 O 3 [ 93 ] ( Table 3 ). 4.4. … Additive antiangiogenesis effect of ginsenoside Rg3 with low-dose metronomic temozolomide on rat glioma cells both in vivo and in vitro J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2016 35 32 10.1186/s13046-015-0274-y 26872471 PMC4752767 86. Lee C.K. Park K.-K. Chung A.-S. Chung W.-Y. …

Targeting Autophagy with Natural Products as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for Cancer.

Macro-autophagy (autophagy) is a highly conserved eukaryotic intracellular process of self-digestion caused by lysosomes on demand, which is upregulated as a survival strategy upon exposure to various stressors, such as metabolic insults, cytotoxic drugs, and alcohol abuse. Paradoxically, autophagy dysfunction also contributes to cancer and aging. It is well known that regulating autophagy by targeting specific regulatory molecules in its machinery can modulate multiple disease processes. Therefore, autophagy represents a significant pharmacological target for drug development and therapeutic

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… Interestingly, a synthetic derivative of wortmannin, PX-866 (sonolisib), is a potent pan-isoform inhibitor of PI3K that blocks temozolomide-induced autophagy and promotes apoptosis in glioblastoma cells [ 50 ]. … Chrysin is an effective component in sensitizing human glioblastoma cells (GBM8901) to temozolomide (TMZ). …

Generic Anticancer Drugs of the Jan Aushadhi Scheme in India and Their Branded Counterparts: The First Cost Comparison Study.

Introduction In India, the costs of cancer drugs are exorbitant and cause significant financial toxicity to the affected patient and their family members. Considering this, Jan Aushadhi pharmacy stores were established across the country by the government of India with the objective of providing cheap generic medicines to patients. The objective of this study was to perform a cost comparison study of generic chemotherapeutic drugs provided through Jan Aushadhi pharmacies versus their branded counterparts. This will help patients and physicians get first-hand information on the cost variation b

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… Inj. 50 mg/ vial | 475.00 (6.39) | 3425.00 (46.04) | 2250.00 (30.25) | 2950.00 | 1775.00 | 7.21 | 4.74 | 621.05 | 373.68 Paclitaxel (Plant alkaloids; Antimicrotubule agent) | Inj. 100 mg/ 16.7 ml | 540.00 (7.26) | 4085.00 (54.91) | 3452.00 (46.40) | 3545.00 | 2912.00 | 7.56 | 6.39 | 656.48 | 539.26 Temozolomide …