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Vaccines for the elderly.

The aging of the human population is posing serious challenges to research and to public health authorities in order to prevent diseases that more frequently affect the elderly, a portion of the population that will increase more and more in the coming years. While some vaccines exist and are used in the elderly to effectively fight against some infections (e.g. influenza, pneumococci, varicella-zoster virus, diphtheria, and tetanus), still a lot of work remains to be done to better adapt these vaccines and to develop new ones for this age group. The prevention of infectious diseases affecting…

Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics: news.

While a PhD candidate, doing my thesis at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biology Division under Dr. Charles Congdon, my introduction to the immune response was studying graft vs. host (GVH) disease as a consequence of bone marrow transplantation in mice. The sequalae of GVH was impressive, and demonstrated the potential of negative clinical consequences of the immune system. The idea of harnessing this immunological phenomena in cancer therapy was appealing even in the late 1960s. The problem was that at the time T-cells as a component of the immune system were identified but not defined.

Preventive vaccines for tuberculosis.

There are nearly ten million new cases and 1.4 million deaths from tuberculosis (TB) each year, and the 90-year old bacille calmette-guérin (BCG) vaccine in widespread use appears to have minimal impact on the worldwide incidence, despite demonstrating reasonable efficacy against complications of infant TB and death. Novel vaccine development has accelerated in the past ten years, with at least 16 candidates entering human trials, and a few vaccines have entered into Phase 2b efficacy studies. However, different vaccines may be needed due to the varying disease states (naïve, latently infected…

The case for vaccines.

The case for vaccines is one which has been made through scientific advancement and public health implementation, resulting in one of the most significant historical achievements for mankind. This includes the elimination of endemic smallpox, polio, measles and rubella from the U.S. This exhilarating accomplishment was sobered with the threat of smallpox through biological attack following September 11, 2001. While the unthinkable return of that vaccine-preventable disease never materialized, other vaccine-preventable disease, such as pertussis, have markedly increased in many states because o…

Vaccines for canine leishmaniasis.

Leishmaniasis is the third most important vector-borne disease worldwide. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe and frequently lethal prot … d dogs, treatment of human cases, and insecticidal treatment of homes and dogs. However, the use of vaccines is considered the most cost-effective control tool for human and canine disease. Since the severity of the disease is related to the generation of T-cell immunosuppression, effective vaccines should be capable of sustaining or enhancing the T-cell i …

Flaviviruses and flavivirus vaccines.

Several human-pathogenic flaviviruses (including yellow fever, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and tick-borne encephalitis viruses) … gue fever and dengue shock syndrome) and is therefore of special relevance in the context of dengue vaccines. Effective human vaccines are in use for the prophylaxis of yellow fever (live attenuated), Japanese encephalitis (live attenuated and inactivated whole virus), and tick-borne encephalitis (inactivated whole virus). Although dengue is the most impor …

[Meningococcal serogroup B vaccines].

The diversity and antigenic variability of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strains around the world has been a major challenge to developing a vaccine with broad coverage. Outer-membrane vesicle vaccines appear to be safe and effective but are strain-specific vaccines and used in delimited areas. Also, recombinant protein vaccines such as factor H binding protein, given alone or in combination with others antigens have been developed and may be effective against the majority of group B strains.

Vaccines against mucosal infections.

There remains a great need to develop vaccines against many of the pathogens that infect mucosal tissues or have a mucosal port of entry. Parenteral vaccination may protect in some instances, but usually a mucosal vaccination route is necessary. Mucosal vaccines also have logistic advantages over injectable vaccines by being easier to administer, having less risk of transmitting infections and potentially being easier to manufacture. Still, however, only relatively few vaccines for human use are available: oral vaccines against cholera, typhoid, polio, and rotavirus, and a nasal vaccine agains…

Twenty-first century vaccines.

In the twentieth century, vaccination has been possibly the greatest revolution in health. Together with hygiene and antibiotics, vaccinatio … d poverty. However, for this to happen, we need to increase the public trust in vaccination so that vaccines can be perceived as the best insurance against most diseases across all ages.

Vaccines in dermatological diseases.

Vaccines have been a cornerstone in medicine and public health since their inception in the 18th century by Edward Jenner. Today, greater than 20 vaccines are used worldwide for the prevention of both viral and bacterial diseases. This article will review the vaccines used for the following dermatological diseases: smallpox, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, shingles, and human papillomavirus.

Neisseria meningitidis B vaccines.

Invasive infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis are a serious public health problem worldwide and have a heavy economic impact. The inc … nt to underline that invasive meningococcal disease will not be controlled until safe and effective vaccines for meningococcal B are available and widely used. The aims of this article are to describe the most recent developments in meningococcal B vaccines and to discuss how these vaccines can contribute to containing meningococcal disease.

Oral vaccines against cholera.

The current seventh pandemic of cholera, caused by serogroup O1, El Tor biotype, has now involved almost the entire developing world. The on … uch of the cholera-affected developing world. The advent of safe and effective, new-generation oral vaccines against cholera has created renewed interest in the use of vaccines as a tool to control cholera.

New vaccines for tuberculosis.

New vaccines are urgently needed if we want to reach the goal of substantially reducing the incidence of tuberculosis by 2050. Despite a steady increase in funding over the past decade, there is still a striking financial shortfall for vaccine research and development for tuberculosis. Yet, around ten vaccine candidates have left the laboratory stage and entered clinical trials. These vaccines are either aimed at replacing the present vaccine, BCG, or at enhancing immunity induced by BCG. However, these pre-exposure candidates are designed for prevention of disease and will therefore neither e…

Bioanalysis of meningococcal vaccines.

Meningococcal meningitis is feared because of the rapid onset of severe disease from mild symptoms and, therefore, is an important target for vaccine research. Five serogroups, defined by the structures of their capsular polysaccharides, are responsible for the vast majority of disease. Protection against four of these five serogroups can be obtained with polysaccharide or glycoconjugate vaccines, in which fragments of the capsular polysaccharides attached to a carrier protein generate anticarbohydrate immune responses, whilst protection against group B disease requires protein immunogens, oft…

Smallpox vaccines for biodefense.

Few diseases can match the enormous impact that smallpox has had on mankind. Its influence can be seen in the earliest recorded histories of ancient civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. With fatality rates up to 30%, smallpox left its survivors with extensive scarring and other serious sequelae. It is estimated that smallpox killed 500 million people in the 19th and 20th centuries. Given the ongoing concerns regarding the use of variola as a biological weapon, this review will focus on the licensed vaccines as well as current research into next-generation vaccines to protect against smallpo…

Вакцины для взрослых.

ЦЕЛЬ: Обновление информации о фармацевтах старших возрастов с учетом нынешних рекомендаций в отношении вакцин против гриппа, пневмококкаля, зостера и столбняка для пожилых людей в возрасте 65 лет и старше. ИСТОЧНИКИ ДАТА: На различных веб-сайтах, включая Коалицию действий по иммунизации (www.immunize.org) и Центры по борьбе с заболеваниями и их профилактике (www.cdc.gov), был проведен поиск руководящих принципов иммунизации гриппа, пневмококкаля, зостера и столбняка. Для выявления дополнительной информации использовались базы данных MedLINE (январь 1966 года — сентябрь 2008 года) и Pub-Med (ян

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
OBJECTIVE: To update senior care pharmacists with current recommendations on influenza, pneumococcal, zoster, and tetanus vaccines for older adults 65 years of age or older. DATA SOURCES: A search of immunization guidelines on influenza, pneumococcal, zoster, and tetanus infection was performed at various Web sites, including Immunization Action Coalition (…

Rift valley fever vaccines.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which belongs to the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae, is a negative-stranded RNA virus carrying a tri … izes the development of inactivated RVFV vaccine, live attenuated vaccine, and other new generation vaccines.