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The sexuological impact of hormonal contraceptives based on their route of administration.

Evidence on the effects of hormonal contraceptives on female sexuality is conflicting. We enrolled 556 women, divided into six groups: two composed of subjects using a combined hormonal contraceptive (COC) containing 0.020 ("COC20") and 0.030 ("COC30") mg of ethynyl estradiol (EE), "natural", using COC containing 1.5 mg of estradiol (E2), "ring", using a vaginal ring releasing each day 0.015 mg of EE + 0.120 of etonogestrel, "subcutaneous", using a progestin only subcutaneous contraceptive implant releasing etonogestrel and "controls", using no hormonal contraceptive methods. The subjects were

Role of rho-kinase activity in angiotensin II-induced contraction of rabbit clitoral cavernosum smooth muscle.

Isometric tension measurement using a selective Rho-kinase inhibitor (+)- (R)-trans4-(1-aminoethyl)-N-(4-pyridyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (Y-27632) and a selective myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitor 1-(5-iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride (ML7) were used in rabbit clitoral cavernosum smooth muscle (CSM). N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was used to evaluate the relationship between NO release and Rho-kinase. Y-27632 significantly attenuated contractions induced by ANG II, dose-dependently. However, ML7 did not affect the contractile response t

Anogenital distance is associated with postpartum estrous activity, intensity of estrous expression, ovulation, and progesterone concentrations in lactating Holstein cows.

The objectives of this retrospective observational study were to determine the associations of anogenital distance (AGD) with (a) postpartum … trus for progesterone analysis. The AGD was measured from the center of the anus to the base of the clitoris and classified as either short- or long-AGD using 2 cut-points of 148 mm (predictive of the probability of pregnancy to first insemination; short-AGD, n = 115; long-AGD, n = 63) and 142 mm (the median AGD; short-AGD, n = 90; long-AGD, n = 88). Regar …

[Analysis of clinical characters of female vulvar Paget disease].

Objective: To investigate the clinical and pathological features, diagnosis and treatment of primary vulvar Paget disease (VPD) , and analyz … (17%, 6/36) . The lesions invaded labium majus (97%, 35/36) , sometimes labium minus (53%, 19/36) , clitoris (28%, 10/36) , perianal (25%, 9/36) , orificium vaginae (3%, 1/36) , and meatus urinarius (3%, 1/36) . Approximately 19% (7/36) of VPD coexisted with intraepithelial neoplasia or adenocarcinoma of vulvar or other part of body. (2) Diagnosis and trea …

Vaginal complications of graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Stem cell transplantation is a clinical approach used to treat certain types of cancers, such as hematologic malignancies. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) occurs in 30-70% of cases and often diminishes the quality of life of transplant patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of vaginal complications of GVHD following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. METHODS: This study employed an analytical cross-sectional design. All patients referred to Shariati Hospital in Tehran between 2019 and 2020 who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were considered

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… Primary indications and symptoms include sensitivity or tenderness in the vestibular glands or vulvar mucosa, mucosal erosion, fissures, increased white blood cell count, fusion of the labia or clitoris, fibrosis causing a vaginal ring, shortened vaginal length, adhesions within the vagina, and complete … Clinical symptoms Clinical symptoms, such as transplant complications, duration of GVHD after transplantation, prevalence of vaginal GVHD, and duration of the postoperative period (including vaginal dryness, burning sensation during urination, and pelvic pain), as well as vaginal inflammation, clitoris …

Correlation of anogenital distance from childhood to age 9 years-a prospective population-based birth cohort-the Odense Child Cohort.

STUDY QUESTION: Does anogenital distance (AGD) - distance from the anus to the genitals - correlate from infancy (3 months) to the age of 9 … the scrotum (AGDas) and to the penis (AGDap) in 1022 boys, and to the posterior fourchette and the clitoris in 887 girls repeatedly between the age of 3 months to 9 years. In total, 7706 assessments were made. AGD was adjusted for body weight, and SD scores (the difference between individual AGD and the mean of AGD in the population divided by SD of AGD) …

Vulvar lichen sclerosus and squamous cell carcinoma: a cohort, case control, and investigational study with historical perspective; implications for chronic inflammation and sclerosis in the development of neoplasia.

The histological changes of lichen sclerosus (LS) are frequently found in association with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The importa … CCs associated with LS occurred in an older age-group (74 v 65 years; P = .01), were located on the clitoris (41% v 5%; P = .003), were of conventional SCCa type (85% v 57%; P = .02), were associated with a prominent fibromyxoid stromal response (46% v 10%; P = .004), were not associated with VIN 3 (SCC in situ) (5% v 67%; P = .02) and diffusely expressed …

Between Moral Relativism and Moral Hypocrisy: Reframing the Debate on "FGM".

The spectrum of practices termed "Female Genital Mutilation" (or FGM) by the World Health Organization is sometimes held up as a counterexample to moral relativism. Those who advance this line of thought suggest the practices are so harmful in terms of their physical and emotional consequences, as well as so problematic in terms of their sexist or oppressive implications, that they provide sufficient, rational grounds for the assertion of a universal moral claim--namely, that all forms of FGM are wrong, regardless of the cultural context. However, others point to cultural bias and moral double

Indications of prevalence, practice and effects of anabolic steroid use in Great Britain.

A growing number of reports of anabolic-androgenic streroid (AS) use in Great Britain (GB) among non-competitive groups have emerged since the beginning of 1990s. A study was commissioned by the Departments of Health for England, Scotland and Wales, to explore the extent and uses of AS from the public health point of view. As a part of a wider investigation into AS use, 21 gymnasia in England, Scotland and Wales were surveyed by questionnaire. The response rate was 59%. We found that of the 1667 participants, 9.1% of the men and 2.3% of the women had taken AS at some time and 6% of the men and

Randomized crossover study investigating daily versus on-demand vulvar Visnadine spray in women affected by female sexual arousal disorder.

The aim of the study was to verify the efficacy of vulvar Visnadine spray in premenopausal women affected by female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD). Thirty-eight women aged 25-40 years affected by FSAD were enrolled in the randomized crossover study, by two possible sequences: on-demand, washout, daily (A sequence); and daily, washout, on-demand (B sequence). The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS) were used to assess sexual function and sexual distress, respectively. Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure clitoral blood flow. The study had

[Tissue engineering in urology].

Tissue engineering refers to the techniques that are aimed at regeneration of human tissues and organs. Two elements are necessary for these techniques: matrix and cells. Matrix is the scaffold where tissues may organise. Cells are either autologous cells stimulated to regenerate in vivo, aided by implantation of matrix ("guided tissue regeneration"), or autologous cells cultured outside the body (in vitro) and later returned as auto-transplants. All types of conventional tissue reconstructive surgery need tissue engineering. These techniques have been introduced recently into the clinical pra

Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus.

BACKGROUND: Lichen sclerosus is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that most commonly occurs in adult women, although it may also be seen in men and children. It primarily affects the genital area and around the anus, where it causes persistent itching and soreness. Scarring after inflammation may lead to severe damage by fusion of the vulval lips (labia); narrowing of the vaginal opening; and burying of the clitoris in women and girls, as well as tightening of the foreskin in men and boys, if treatments are not started early. Affected people have an increased risk of genital cancers. OBJ…

The neurovascular mechanism of clitoral erection: nitric oxide and cGMP-stimulated activation of BKCa channels.

Female sexual function is under-studied, and mechanisms of clitoral engorgement-relaxation are incompletely understood. Penile erection results from nitric oxide (NO) -induced cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) accumulation. cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) activates large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels (BK(Ca)), thereby hyperpolarizing and relaxing vascular and trabecular smooth muscle cells, allowing engorgement. We hypothesize rat clitorises relax by a similar mechanism. Rat clitorises express components of the proposed pathway: neuronal and endothelial NO synthases…

The Presence of Clitoromegaly in the Nonclassical Form of 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Could Be Partially Modulated by the CAG Polymorphic Tract of the Androgen Receptor Gene.

BACKGROUND: In the nonclassical form (NC), good correlation has been observed between genotypes and 17OH-progesterone (17-OHP) levels. However, this correlation was not identified with regard to the severity of hyperandrogenic manifestations, which could depend on interindividual variability in peripheral androgen sensitivity. Androgen action is modulated by the polymorphic CAG tract (nCAG) of the androgen receptor (AR) gene and by polymorphisms in 5α-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) enzyme, both of which are involved in the severity of hyperandrogenic disorders. OBJECTIVES: To analyze whether nCAG-

Molecular analysis of external genitalia formation: the role of fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) genes during genital tubercle formation.

The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the external genitalia in mammals have been very little examined. Recent gene knockout studies have suggested that the developmental processes of its anlage, the genital tubercle (GT), have much in common with those of limb buds. The Fgf genes have been postulated as regulating several downstream genes during organogenesis. Fgf8 was expressed in the distal urethral plate epithelium of the genital tubercle (GT) together with other markers such as the Msx1, Fgf10, Hoxd13 and Bmp4 expressed in the mesenchyme. To analyze the role of the FGF sy

Множественный склероз, инфекция мочевого тракта и бесплодие: всеобъемлющий обзор аналитического исследования.

Множественный склероз (MS) — аутоиммунное заболевание, связанное с центральной нервной системой. ПМС широко распространены среди взрослых молодых людей и постепенно уничтожают аксоны и миелин. Лица, страдающие НР, часто сталкиваются с такими осложнениями, как дефункция мочевого тракта, инфекция мочевого тракта и сексуальная дисфункция. У молодых людей РС может вызывать сексуальную дисфункцию и бесплодие, которое ухудшается по мере развития болезни. Были рассмотрены имеющиеся данные из различных исследований (микробиологические и клинические исследования, полученные из баз данных PubMed и Scopu

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… Electrodiagnostic studies, including measurements of vibratory thresholds in the clitoris ( 63 ) and cortical evoked potentials of the dorsal clitoral nerve ( 64 ), imply that pudendal somatosensory input is essential for female orgasmic function, which may also be the case in early and mild MS. …

Воздействие транскутановой стимуляции нервы на сексуальную функцию женщин у пациентов с множественным склерозом: обзор скрипта.

Среди женщин с множественным склерозом (СМС) широко распространена сексуальная дисфункция (СФД), что приводит к значительным нарушениям качества жизни. Несмотря на различные имеющиеся методы лечения, в нынешних подходах зачастую не учитывается сложный, многофакторный характер ЛСД в этой группе населения. Транскутановая стимуляция берцового нерва (TTNS) недавно привлекла внимание как неинвазивная нейромодуляционная терапия, которая продемонстрировала потенциальные выгоды от нейрогенной дисфункции мочевого пузыря, при этом предварительные данные свидетельствуют о частичном улучшении сексуальной

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… Reflexive lubrication, a hallmark of the arousal phase in the female sexual response, is mediated by parasympathetic pathways originating from the sacral segments, while psychogenic arousal, involving increased blood flow to the clitoris and vaginal walls, is regulated by the thoracolumbar sympathetic …