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SGIV envelope protein VP088 facilitated virus replication via interacting with other viral proteins and promoting p62-dependent autophagic degradation of TBK1.

Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), a novel member of the genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae, frequently causes a severe disease with hig … levels of morbidity and mortality among commercially and ecologically important fish, crustaceans, amphibians, and reptiles. However, the molecular mechanism of iridovirus pathogenesis still remains largely unknown, and few effective countermeasures have been developed to date. Using the Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection model in vitro, we ident …

Antimicrobial peptide DiPGLa-H exhibits the most outstanding anti-infective activity among the PGLa variants based on a systematic comparison.

UNLABELLED: The escalating threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has heightened global interest in antimicrobial peptides as promising can … imals, plants, and microorganisms. Notably, one-third of these peptides in databases originate from amphibians. We discovered that naturally weak AMPs from this source can be enhanced through artificial design. Specifically, variant DiPGLa-H showed superior germicidal efficacy and cell selectivity both in vivo and in vitro and can be biosynthesized and purif …

Comparative peptidomics of the endocrine pancreas: islet hormones from the clawed frog Xenopus laevis and the red-bellied newt Cynops pyrrhogaster.

Electrospray mass spectrometry coupled with reverse-phase HPLC was used to identify peptides in the molecular mass range 3000-6000 Da in extracts of the pancreata of the clawed frog Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae) and the red-bellied newt Cynops pyrrhogaster (Caudata: Salamandridae). Amino acid sequences of insulins, peptides derived from the post-translational processing of proglucagons and pancreatic polypeptide were determined by automated Edman degradation. Three molecular forms of insulin were isolated from the tetraploid organism X. laevis that represent insulin-1 and insulin-2, as deduc

Clinical implications of ontogenetic differences in the coagulotoxic activity of Bothrops jararacussu venoms.

Is snake venom activity influenced by size? This is a long-standing question that can have important consequences for the treatment of snake envenomation. Ontogenetic shifts in venom composition are a well-documented characteristic of numerous snake species. Although snake venoms can cause a range of pathophysiological disturbances, establishing the coagulotoxic profiles related to such shifts is a justified approach because coagulotoxicity can be deadly, and its neutralisation is a challenge for current antivenom therapy. Thus, we aimed to assess the coagulotoxicity patterns on plasma and fib

Species diversity of phlebotomine sand flies and sympatric occurrence of Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis, Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani complex, and Trypanosoma spp. in the visceral leishmaniasis focus of southern Thailand.

Autochthonous leishmaniasis in Thailand has recently been a public health concern due to an increasing number of new clinical cases. Most indigenous cases were diagnosed with Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis, and Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis. However, some doubts regarding vector misidentification have arisen and need to be elucidated. Accordingly, we aimed to assess the species composition of sand flies and determine the molecular prevalence of trypanosomatids in the transmission area of leishmaniasis in southern Thailand. In the present study, a total of 569 sand flies were caught fr

Ontogeny of central chemoreception during fictive gill and lung ventilation in an in vitro brainstem preparation of Rana catesbeiana.

An isolated brainstem preparation of the bullfrog tadpole, Rana catesbeiana, displays coordinated rhythmic bursting activities in cranial nerves V, VII and X in vitro. In decerebrate, spontaneously breathing tadpoles, we have previously shown that these bursts correspond to fluctuations in buccal and lung pressures and to bursts of activity in the buccal levator muscle H3a. This demonstrates that the rhythmic bursting activities recorded in vitro represent fictive gill and lung ventilation. To investigate the ontogeny of central respiratory chemoreception during the transition from gill to lun

Photoperiodism in higher vertebrates: an adaptive strategy in temporal environment.

Life on earth is subjected to strict regimen of cyclical changes. Of all geophysical changes, the most prominent are the daily changes betwe … ctures are involved in the photoperiodic photoreception. In insects, mollusks, crustaceans, fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds, the photoreception occurs largely through extra-retinal photoreceptors (ERRs) localized in the hypothalamus. In adult mammals, brain photoreceptors are apparently absent and light input is only through eyes. Endogenous circa-rhy …

Development of progestin-specific response in the chicken oviduct.

Avidin is a host acute defense protein induced by progestins and by inflammation caused by injurious factors such as microbes, viruses, toxic factors or tissue trauma. In the reproductive tract of egg-laying vertebrates avidin has evolved into a progestin-dependent secretory protein involved in anti-microbial action through its biotin avidity. For "progestin-dependent avidin" production, cellular differentiation by estrogen is necessary. In contrast, the expression of "progestin-independent or inflammation-induced avidin" does not require differentiation. Many cell types such as macrophages, h

The appearance and extension of neural differentiation tendencies in the neurectoderm of the early chick embryo.

1. Recently the direct analysis of neural induction in the early chick embryo has become possible by the perfection of a technique for mechanical germ layer separation (HARA, 1961). This technique made it possible to interrupt the inductive process at various stages of development by separating the ectoderm from the inducing mesoderm anterior toHENSEN'S node. By subsequently culturing pieces of the isolated ectodermin vivo a study was made of the temporal sequence of appearance and the spatial extension of neural differentiation tendencies in the prospective neural ectoderm. 2. An area of the

Phylogeny and Molecular Characterisation of PRNP in Red-Tailed Phascogale (Phascogale calura).

Background/Objectives: The normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a cell-surface glycoprotein, mainly localised in neurons of the central n … all marsupials tested, including phascogale, were highly stable compared with the birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish that were shown to be highly unstable. However, the instability index predicted that all placental species, including human (Homo sapiens), mouse (Mus musculus), bank vole (Myodes glareolus), rhinoceros (Rhinocerotidae), dog (Canis lupus f …

Иммунизация, неонатальная желтуха и травмы, вызванные животными.

ЦЕЛЬ ОБЗОРА: Опубликованные за последний год исследования по трем темам, имеющим важное значение для педиатрической клиники: иммунизация, неонатальная желтуха и травмы, вызванные животными, рассматриваются кратко. ПОСЛЕДНИЕ ФИННДИНГЫ: Ведется обсуждение последних обновленных данных о вакцинах, в том числе о сомнительной связи с аутизмом, осуществлении всеобщей вакцинации детей младшего возраста от гриппа, эффективности пневмококковой вакцины против инвазивных заболеваний и новой информации о коклюшах, варицелле, гепатите А, гепатите В, кори и ротавирусной вакцине. Никакая связь между вакциной

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Published studies during the past year about three topics important to the pediatric clinician-- immunizations, neonatal … ses, and need to know how to educate patients on how to prevent salmonellosis from pet reptiles and amphibians. SUMMARY: Progress has been made in immunizations, especially immunization for influenza, pneumonia, and pertussis. It is recommended that monitoring for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia be more thorough to prevent the consequences of this condition. Ra …

Hormone coexpression in the adult toad endocrine pancreas: double-label immunofluorescence under basal conditions and after glucose injection.

We have investigated the type and frequency of hormone coexpression in the endocrine pancreas of amphibians both under basal conditions and after sustained glucose loading. Adult male specimens of the wild toad Bufo arenarum were injected with a 50% (w/v) glucose solution (2 g/100 g) for 2 days, while control animals received an equal volume of the vehicle. Serum glucose levels were measured at the time of sacrifice and the pancreatic free lobe was processed for light microscopy. A double-labeling immunofluorescence study was performed for the detection of insulin (I), glucagon (G), somatostat…

BMP signaling is essential for sustaining proximo-distal progression in regenerating axolotl limbs.

Amputation of a salamander limb triggers a regeneration process that is perfect. A limited number of genes have been studied in this context and even fewer have been analyzed functionally. In this work, we use the BMP signaling inhibitor LDN193189 on Ambystoma mexicanum to explore the role of BMPs in regeneration. We find that BMP signaling is required for proper expression of various patterning genes and that its inhibition causes major defects in the regenerated limbs. Fgf8 is downregulated when BMP signaling is blocked, but ectopic injection of either human or axolotl protein did not rescue

Cranial nerves of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae [Osteichthyes: Sarcopterygii: Actinistia], and comparisons with other craniata.

We reconstructed the cranial nerves of a serially sectioned prenatal coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae. This allowed us to correct several mis … s probable that the basicranial muscle of Latimeria is homologous to the ocular retracter muscle of amphibians.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Paedomorphic patterns of gene expression in the eyes of Brook Salamanders.

Shifts in the timing of developmental processes (heterochrony) can lead to phenotypic diversification, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms explaining variation remain largely unexplored outside a few model systems. Extensive remodeling of the visual system occurs during amphibian metamorphosis making this a valuable process for studying the evolution of developmental mechanisms. Here we investigated how life cycle mode and ecology can influence heterochronic patterns of expression for eye development and maintenance genes across Brook Salamanders (genus Eurycea). This clade exhibits repeat

Loss of the ability to regenerate body appendages in vertebrates: from side effects of evolutionary innovations to gene loss.

The ability to regenerate large body appendages is an ancestral trait of vertebrates, which varies across different animal groups. While anamniotes (fish and amphibians) commonly possess this ability, it is notably restricted in amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals). In this review, we explore the factors contributing to the loss of regenerative capabilities in amniotes. First, we analyse the potential negative impacts on appendage regeneration caused by four evolutionary innovations: advanced immunity, skin keratinization, whole-body endothermy, and increased body size. These innovations em…

ZEB2, the Mowat-Wilson Syndrome Transcription Factor: Confirmations, Novel Functions, and Continuing Surprises.

After its publication in 1999 as a DNA-binding and SMAD-binding transcription factor (TF) that co-determines cell fate in amphibian embryos, ZEB2 was from 2003 studied by embryologists mainly by documenting the consequences of conditional, cell-type specific Zeb2 knockout (cKO) in mice. In between, it was further identified as causal gene causing Mowat-Wilson Syndrome (MOWS) and novel regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). ZEB2's functions and action mechanisms in mouse embryos were first addressed in its main sites of expression, with focus on those that helped to explain neuro

Influence of onconase in the therapeutic potential of PARP inhibitors in A375 malignant melanoma cells.

Human malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers, accompanied with poor prognosis, metastatic evolution and high mortality. Many strategies have been developed using BRAF and MEK inhibitors in spite of the classic therapy with alkylating agents, but failure related to the ability of the tumor to activate alternative proliferation pathways occurred after promising initial successes. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes are well known to be crucial for DNA damage response, and PARP inhibition results in the accumulation of DNA strand breaks that induce cell injury. For this r

Phylogeny, biogeography, and evolution of two Mediterranean snakes, Malpolon monspessulanus and Hemorrhois hippocrepis (Squamata, Colubridae), using mtDNA sequences.

Variation in 815bp of mitochondrial DNA from two gene fragments (300bp of cytochrome b and 395-515bp of 12S rRNA) for 26 Malpolon monspessulanus, and cytochrome b for a further 21 individuals, indicates that this species originated in the Maghreb area of Northwest Africa. Here, an estimated 3.5-6Mya, it divided into the western M. m. monspessulanus, and an eastern clade including M. m. insignitus and M. m. fuscus. The very limited genetic differentiation between Maghreb and Southwest European populations of this form suggests that it arrived in the Iberian Peninsula only recently. Population g

Calretinin-immunoreactive elements in the retina and optic tectum of the frog, Rana esculenta.

The frog retina contains numerous 28 kDa calbindin positive elements in its every layer. At the same time, parvalbumin has been observed only in a few elements in the visual system of amphibian species, whilst calretinin immunoreactivity could be detected in salamander retina and the optic tectum of tench. However, the presence and distribution of calretinin have been described to date neither in the retina nor in the other parts of the visual system of anurans. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe the calretinin immunoreactive elements in the retina and the optic tectum of the frog