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[Current status of the female condom in Africa].

The female condom was developed in the 1980s. It is a contraceptive device used by women that protects against both pregnancy and sexually-t … mbia, South Africa, followed by Uganda and Tanzania. There are local initiatives in Ivory Coast and Zimbabwe. (ABSTRACT TRUNC

Evolving epidemiological patterns of thyroid cancer and estimates of overdiagnosis in 2013-17 in 63 countries worldwide: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing in many countries, mainly due to overdiagnosis. Given these rapid changes, w … . The magnitude of overdiagnosis varied across countries, ranging from no overdiagnosis (in Uganda, Zimbabwe, and Trinidad and Tobago) to more than 85·0% of thyroid cancer cases being overdiagnosed in females (in Cyprus, China, South Korea, and Türkiye). Overall, 1 736 133 (75·6%) of 2 297 057 cases were attributable to overdiagnosis, including 1 368 181 f …

Efficacy and safety of three antiretroviral therapy regimens started in pregnancy up to 50 weeks post partum: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Drugs taken during pregnancy can affect maternal and child health outcomes, but few studies have compared the safety and virolog … in nine countries (Botswana, Brazil, India, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, the USA, and Zimbabwe). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to one of three oral regimens: dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide; dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; or efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxi …

Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: The number of visits for antenatal (prenatal) care developed without evidence of how many visits are necessary. The content of e … l-designed cluster-randomised trials that took place in Argentina, Cuba, Saudi Arabia, Thailand and Zimbabwe. All results have been adjusted for the cluster design effect. All of the trials were at some risk of bias as blinding of women and staff was not feasible with this type of intervention. For primary outcomes, evidence was graded as being of moderate …

Multi-country assessment of residual bio-efficacy of insecticides used for indoor residual spraying in malaria control on different surface types: results from program monitoring in 17 PMI/USAID-supported IRS countries.

BACKGROUND: Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is the application of insecticide to the interior walls of household structures that often serve … beria, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The WHO cone bioassay tests were used to assess the mortality rate of mosquitoes exposed to insecticide-treated mud, wood, cement, and other commonly used housing materials. Baseline tests were performed within weeks of IRS application and follow-u …

[Thyroid diseases in sub-Saharan Africa].

Thyroid gland diseases vary according to the environment. In sub-Saharan Africa, they are also influenced by population isolation and the ab … ate, Nigeria, 55.2% at Zitenga, Burkina Faso (210 persons 0-45 years), and 10% in Hararé and Wedza, Zimbabwe (newborn TSH >10.1 microIU/mL). The prevalence of goiters is 43.6% in children emigrating from Ethiopia to Israel. Millet from semi-arid zones contains apigenin at a concentration of 150 mg/kg and luteolin at 350 mg/kg, both of which can interfere w …

Analysis of the distribution of malignant tumor burden across eight systems in Africa: an epidemiological analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2021.

ObjectiveAfrica, a continent abundant in natural resources yet facing economic and cultural challenges. This study investigates the burden of cancer in Africa, leveraging data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 to highlight the need for targeted healthcare interventions and policy reforms.Materials and methodsWe analyzed cancer incidence, prevalence, mortality rates, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years per 100 000 population across 54 African countries from 1990 to 2021. The study categorized malignancies into eight major organ systems and utilized the Social Demographic Index (SDI) t

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… Cape Verde reports the highest ASIR of 59.90, with Swaziland (ASIR = 53.87), Zimbabwe (ASIR = 52.21), and Lesotho (ASIR = 50.42) also experiencing notable incidence rates. Skin and soft tissue cancers are most prevalent in South Africa, with an ASIR of 34.53. … Lymphatic and hematopoietic system cancers are most prevalent in Libya, with an ASIR of 24.32, followed by Zimbabwe (ASIR = 19.36), Uganda (ASIR = 16.73), and Malawi (ASIR = 16.67) (Fig. 1 ). Figure 1. Incidence of malignant tumor across eight systems in Africa in 2021. …

Pregnancy and infant outcomes among HIV-infected women taking long-term ART with and without tenofovir in the DART trial.

BACKGROUND: Few data have described long-term outcomes for infants born to HIV-infected African women taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) in pregnancy. This is particularly true for World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended tenofovir-containing first-line regimens, which are increasingly used and known to cause renal and bone toxicities; concerns have been raised about potential toxicity in babies due to in utero tenofovir exposure. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Pregnancy outcome and maternal/infant ART were collected in Ugandan/Zimbabwean HIV-infected women initiating ART during The Development of…

Personalised risk-prediction tools for cryptococcal meningitis mortality to guide treatment stratification in sub-Saharan Africa: a prognostic modelling study based on pooled analysis of two randomised controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Cryptococcal meningitis is a major driver of global HIV-related mortality, and validated approaches to stratify mortality risk c … Tanzania, and Zambia in ACTA and eight hospitals across Botswana, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe in AMBITION-cm. We developed two primary multivariable logistic-regression models for the primary outcome of 2-week mortality: a basic model for use in a resource-limited setting that contained only candidate predictors that are routinely, programma …

Evaluation of a routine point-of-care intervention for early infant diagnosis of HIV: an observational study in eight African countries.

BACKGROUND: In 2017, there were 180 000 estimated new HIV infections in children aged 0-14 years. Without early diagnosis and treatment, hal … mes in eight countries (Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Rwanda, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe), before and after a POC intervention was introduced for EID of HIV. For the baseline, pre-intervention sample, we sampled 30 consecutive tests for HIV-exposed infants who had a documented date of blood collection for EID within Ministry of Health r …

Structural and community-level interventions for increasing condom use to prevent the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.

BACKGROUND: Community interventions to promote condom use are considered to be a valuable tool to reduce the transmission of human immunodef … study that was a subanalysis) for quantitative assessment. The studies were conducted in Tanzania, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, Peru, China, India and Russia, comprising 75,891 participants, mostly including the general population (not the high-risk population). The main intervention was condom promotion, or distribution, or both. In general, co …

How does academia respond to the burden of infectious and parasitic disease?

BackgroundAcademic research is one of the main avenues through which humans can fight the threat of infectious diseases. However, there have been concerns regarding whether the academic system has provided sufficient efforts to fight infectious diseases we potentially face. Answering these questions could contribute to evidence-based recommendations for setting research priorities and third-mission policies.MethodsWith a focus on one of the most common categories of communicable diseases, infectious and parasitic diseases (IPDs), we searched Web of Science for articles and reviews relevant to

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… Taking the top five as an example (Sierra Leone, Central African Republic, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Lesotho), HIV/AIDS tops the list in Malawi, Zimbabwe and Lesotho, while in Sierra Leone and the Central African Republic, HIV/AIDS is nudged into lower place by parasitic and vector diseases and also diarrhoeal … The United States is also a key partner to these countries as well as with Zimbabwe. Another quite remarkable point is the cohesive collaboration between African countries. …

Conquering the intolerable burden of malaria: what's new, what's needed: a summary.

Each year, up to three million deaths due to malaria and close to five billion episodes of clinical illness possibly meriting antimalarial t … iscussed. New data are presented from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe on the increasing urban malaria problem and on epidemic malaria. Between 6% and 28% of the malaria burden may occur in cities, which comprise less than 2% of the African surface. Macroeconomic projections show that the costs are far greater than the …

Health and economic impact of caregiving on informal caregivers of people with chronic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review.

With a disproportionate burden of chronic diseases and severe shortage of health workers in sub-Saharan Africa, the region implicitly relies on informal caregivers (ICGs) to support the patients both within and outside the health facilities. The aim of this review is to systematically summarise evidence on the health and economic impact of caregiving on informal caregivers of patients with chronic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Medline (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), PsycINFO (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Global Health, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched to identify original artic

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… Nigeria and South Africa had the highest number of studies in this review, with eleven [ 33 – 43 ] and ten [ 11 , 25 , 26 , 30 , 31 , 44 – 49 ] studies respectively, while each of the following countries had just one (1/47) study; Togo [ 50 ], Zimbabwe [ 51 ], Kenya [ 52 ], Sudan [ 53 ], Democratic Republic … costs over their economic activities, • Separation from their families during care. • Sold off family property to meet medical bills • Experienced emotional stress • Lack of support from family, health workers or community. • Expressed need to generate an income while in hospital Marima (2019) [ 51 ] Zimbabwe …

Asthma symptoms, severity, and control with and without a clinical diagnosis of asthma in early adolescence in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country, school-based, cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Rapid urbanisation and population growth in sub-Saharan Africa has increased the incidence of asthma in children and adolescents … ing selected primary and secondary schools in Blantyre in Malawi, Durban in South Africa, Harare in Zimbabwe, Kampala in Uganda, Kumasi in Ghana, and Lagos in Nigeria. The adolescents were screened for asthma symptoms using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) questionnaire. Then, after opt-in consent, symptomatic adolescents …

School-based interventions for preventing HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and pregnancy in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: School-based sexual and reproductive health programmes are widely accepted as an approach to reducing high-risk sexual behaviour … 157 participants. Five trials were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa (Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Kenya), one in Latin America (Chile), and two in Europe (England and Scotland). Sexual and reproductive health educational programmesSix trials evaluated school-based educational interventions.In these trials, the educational programmes evaluat …

Surveillance for travel-related disease--GeoSentinel Surveillance System, United States, 1997-2011.

PROBLEM/CONDITION: In 2012, the number of international tourist arrivals worldwide was projected to reach a new high of 1 billion arrivals, … tion and public health response to East African trypanosomiasis in Eastern Zambia and North Central Zimbabwe, P. vivax malaria in Greece, and muscular sarcocystosis on Tioman Island, Malaysia. INTERPRETATION: The GeoSentinel Global Surveillance System is the largest repository of provider-based data on travel-related illness. Among ill travelers evaluated …

Topical microbicides for prevention of sexually transmitted infections.

BACKGROUND: Two decades of research on topical microbicides for prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have had limited succes … en between 2004 and 2011; in Benin, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, India, and the US. A small proof-of-concept RCT found that tenofovir (a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor) reduced the risk of HIV acquisition (one trial, 889 women; risk ratio (RR) 0.63; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.93). Effectiveness data are not ye …

Expediting a UNIVERSAL first-line regimen of a dolutegravir-emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide fixed-dose ratio for children living with HIV older than 4 weeks: a 24-week, open-label, single-arm, phase 1-2, pharmacokinetic, safety, and antiviral activity trial.

BACKGROUND: Paediatric antiretroviral fixed-dose combination tablets remain limited. UNIVERSAL1 evaluated pharmacokinetics, short-term safety, and antiviral activity of novel fixed-dose ratios of dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide in children with HIV. METHODS: UNIVERSAL1 was an open-label, single-arm, phase 1-2, pharmacokinetic, safety, and antiviral activity study. Children with HIV aged between 28 days and 10 years with a bodyweight between 3 kg and less than 25 kg were enrolled at three clinical research centres (one in Harare, Zimbabwe, and two in Kampala, Uganda). Ch…