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Tumor-Targeted Nanomedicine for Immunotherapy.

Therapeutic manipulation of the immune system against cancer has revolutionized the treatment of several advanced-stage tumors. While many h … nt our perspectives on the awaiting challenges and future directions of nanomedicines in the age of immunotherapy.

Risk Reduction in Peanut Immunotherapy.

Complete avoidance of peanut is difficult and accidental reactions are known to occur. Immunotherapy for peanut allergy is a potential treatment option being developed with the potential to reduce the risk of accidental reactions to peanut in the community. This article covers the epidemiology of unexpected allergic reactions to peanut, and outlines definitions of risk and risk reduction with quantitative risk assessment examples. Well-acknowledged future areas of research still exist, especially in the area of longer-term clinical trials or commercial data, which will strengthen the knowledge…

EAACI Allergen Immunotherapy User's Guide.

Allergen immunotherapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of allergic children. The clinical efficiency relies on a well-defined immunologic mechanism promoting regulatory T cells and downplaying the immune response induced by allergens. Clinical indications have been well documented for respiratory allergy in the presence of rhinitis and/or allergic asthma, to pollens and dust mites. Patients who have had an anaphylactic reaction to hymenoptera venom are also good candidates for allergen immunotherapy. Administration of allergen is currently mostly either by subcutaneous injections or by subli…

Immunotherapy-Resistant Vitreoretinal Metastatic Melanoma.

PURPOSE: To describe 2 cases of vitreoretinal metastases in patients treated with immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma. METHODS: Retrospective case series. RESULTS: We pre-sent 2 patients with metastatic melanoma treated with systemic immunotherapy with subsequent development of ocular vitreoretinal metastasis. The first patient was a male with metastatic melanoma from a site of unknown origin that was in complete remission following a course of ipilimumab and nivolumab therapy. He presented to an outside provider for evaluation of vitritis and a pigmented lesion in the right eye that was p…

Hypophysitis (Including IgG4 and Immunotherapy).

Hypophysitis is characterized by inflammation of the pituitary gland that can be primary (PH) or secondary (SH) to other diseases or following drug administration. It may also be classified according to anatomical and histopathological criteria, leading to variable degrees of hypopituitarism and/or compressive symptoms to nearby structures. There has recently been an increase in the number of hypophysitis cases, raising the interest on the spectrum of its pathogenesis, clinical, biochemical/endocrinological, and imaging features. However, the use of conventional biomarkers, including currently

Venom Immunotherapy: Questions and Controversies.

Questions and controversies regarding venom immunotherapy (VIT) remain. It is important to recognize risk factors for severe sting anaphylaxis that guide the recommendation for testing, epinephrine injectors, and VIT. Premedication, rush VIT, and omalizumab are successful in overcoming recurrent systemic reactions to VIT. A maintenance dose is adequate in children, but higher doses are needed in high-risk patients. The consensus on risk of β-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients on VIT has shifted to the belief that risk is small. The decision to stop VIT after 5 ye…

Peanut allergy and oral immunotherapy.

Peanut allergy is the commonest cause of food-induced anaphylaxis in the world, and it can be fatal. There have been many recent improvements to achieve safe methods of peanut desensitisation, one of which is to use a combination of anti-immunoglobulin E and oral immunotherapy. We have treated 27 patients with anti-immunoglobulin E and oral immunotherapy, and report on the outcomes and incidence of adverse reactions encountered during treatment. The dose of peanut protein tolerated increased from a median baseline of 5 to 2000 mg after desensitisation, which is substantially more than would be…

Immunotherapy of Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), the most common cause of acute neuromuscular weakness and paralysis worldwide, encompasses a group of acute i … y in GBS pathogenesis, especially with its axonal forms, providing insights that could guide future immunotherapy. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and plasma exchange (PE) are the most commonly prescribed immunotherapies for GBS with variable efficacy dependent on GBS subtype, severity at initial presentation and other clinical and electrophysiologic prognost …

Bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy.

Following the clinical success of immune checkpoint antibodies targeting CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-L1 in cancer treatment, bispecific antibodies are now emerging as a growing class of immunotherapies with potential to further improve clinical efficacy and safety. We describe three classes of immunotherapeutic bispecific antibodies: (a) cytotoxic effector cell redirectors; (b) tumor-targeted immunomodulators; and (c) dual immunomodulators. Cytotoxic effector cell redirectors are dominated by T-cell redirecting compounds, bispecific compounds engaging a tumor-associated antigen and the T-cell receptor/

Synthetic Biology: Immunotherapy by Design.

Cellular immunotherapy holds great promise for the treatment of human disease. Clinical evidence suggests that T cell immunotherapies have the potential to combat cancers that evade traditional immunotherapy. Despite promising results, adverse effects leading to fatalities have left scientists seeking tighter control over these therapies, which is reflected in the growing body of synthetic biology literature focused on developing tightly controlled, context-independent parts. In addition, researchers are adapting these tools for other uses, such as for the treatment of autoimmune disease, HIV …

Immunotherapy Strategies Against Multiple Myeloma

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… Therefore, TAAs could be a major interest in MM immunotherapy. … In general, the production of a DC vaccine has become promising in inducing immunotherapy against MM. …

[Immunotherapy of Renal Cell Carcinoma].

Treatment of renal cell carcinoma is still palliative. Targeted therapy increases response rates and prolongs overall survival and progressi … d Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) models are still being used to select patients for immunotherapy. Immunotherapy will definitely continue to play an important role in the treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma; however, many questions remain.Key words: renal cell carcinoma - immunotherapy - checkpoint inhibitors - target therapy Support …

Immunotherapy based approaches in myelofibrosis.

Aberrant regulation of the immune system with up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines contributes to disease pathophysiology in myelofibrosis (MF). Therapeutic options for MF associated anemia, thrombocytopenia, and bone marrow fibrosis remain limited. Areas covered: This review focuses on immune based therapies in MF, including immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs), interferons, monoclonal antibodies and targeted agents (SL-401), and checkpoint inhibitors. Published literature was reviewed using available databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus) and web pages (clinicaltrials.gov). IMiDs, such

Immunotherapy against cancer-related viruses.

Approximately 12% of all cancers worldwide are associated with viral infections. To date, eight viruses have been shown to contribute to the … rus-associated tumors have also been initiated and in this review we describe the current status of immunotherapy for virus-associated malignancies and discuss future prospects.

Allergen immunotherapy in polysensitized patient.

Specific allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only therapeutic method with positive impact on natural course of allergic disease - affecting clinical development (including the progression of rhinitis to asthma) and new sensitisations. The actual problem is the increasing number of patients manifesting poly-sensitivity in allergy skin tests and / or in specific IgE tests. Usually, AIT is not recommended in such individuals. The objective we are facing is that in many patients tested as poly-reactive, we have to distinguish in which cases it is a true polysensitization, and when it is due to cro…

Oral immunotherapy and potential treatment.

The standardized therapeutic approach for food allergy is based on avoidance of allergens in foods. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is a significant focus of food allergy research and appears to be effective in inducing desensitization. However, most patients receiving OIT have mild to moderate symptoms during the therapy, and it has not been clearly established whether OIT is effective in inducing permanent tolerance. Recently, novel therapeutic approaches for food allergy, or sublingual immunotherapy and epicutaneous immunotherapy using an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody (omalizumab), have been examin…