Результаты поиска

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Overview from the Glia Perspective.

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can produce a variety of central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities in the offspring resulting in a broad spectrum of cognitive and behavioral impairments that constitute the most severe and long-lasting effects observed in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Alcohol-induced abnormalities in glial cells have been suspected of contributing to the adverse effects of alcohol on the developing brain for several years, although much research still needs to be done to causally link the effects of alcohol on specific brain structures and behavior to alteratio

The Properties and Functions of Glial Cell Types of the Hypothalamic Median Eminence.

The median eminence (ME) is part of the neuroendocrine system (NES) that functions as a crucial interface between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The ME contains many non-neuronal cell types, including oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), tanycytes, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia and other immune cells, which may be involved in the regulation of NES function. For example, in mice, ablation of tanycytes (a special class of ependymal glia with stem cell-like functions) results in weight gain, feeding, insulin insensitivity and increased visceral adipose, consistent w…

Overview of emerging therapies for demyelinating diseases.

This paper provides an overview of autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system, specifically those caused by demyelination. We explore new research regarding potential therapeutic interventions, particularly those aimed at inducing remyelination. Remyelination is a detailed process, involving many cell types-oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), astrocytes, and microglia-and both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Our discussion of this process includes the differentiation potential of neural stem cells, the function of adult OPCs, and the impact of molecular mediators on myelin …

Immune-stem cell crosstalk in the central nervous system: how oligodendrocyte progenitor cells interact with immune cells.

The interaction between immune and stem cells has proven essential for homeostasis and regeneration in a wide range of tissues. However, because the central nervous system was long considered an immune-privileged organ, its immune-stem cell axis was not deeply investigated until recently. Research has shown that oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), a highly abundant population of adult brain stem cells, establish bidirectional interactions with the immune system. Here, we provide an overview of the interactions that OPCs have with tissue-resident and recruited immune cells, paying particul

C-C motif chemokine 3 interferes with oligodendrocyte maturation in the brain.

White matter alteration caused by abnormal myelination is a major contribution to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We previously reported that mice prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA) showed increased expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) in the developing hippocampus, and that antagonizing C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), a CCL3 receptor, recovered neural circuit dysfunction. Therefore, we investigated the effects of CCL3 on oligodendrocyte differentiation. Treatment of the rat oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) line CG4 and mouse primary OPC wit

Adolescent drinking causes a loss of aspartoacylase-expressing oligodendrocytes and hypomyelination of anterior cingulate and corpus callosum axons in male mice, but not females.

Adolescent binge drinking is a strong predictor of alcohol use disorder and related mental health outcomes in adulthood, which may be due to … model. Contrary to our hypothesis, alcohol targeted mature oligodendrocytes rather than early-stage oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Binge drinking reduced oligodendrocytes expressing aspartoacylase (ASPA) in the Cg1 and CC. This enzyme is essential for lipid biosynthesis and myelin production, and cellular loss was accompanied by hypomyelination of axons. Notably, males …

Mapping the glial transcriptome in Huntington's disease using snRNAseq: selective disruption of glial signatures across brain regions.

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease with a fatal outcome. There is accumulating evidence of a promi … in HD. We describe prominent changes in the abundance of certain subtypes of astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocyte precursor cells and oligodendrocytes between HD and control samples, and these differences are widespread across brain regions. Furthermore, we highlight possible mechanisms that characterise the glial contribution to HD pathology including depletion of myelinating …

Perinatal methadone exposure attenuates myelination and induces oligodendrocyte apoptosis in neonatal rat brain.

Methadone (MTD) is a commonly prescribed treatment for opioid use disorder in pregnancy, despite limited information on the effects of passi … lateral CC, EC, and arbor vitae compared with the controls. The increased density and percentage of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) were observed in the CC and cerebellar white matter. The highly active proliferation of OPCs as well as decreased density and percentage of differentiated oligodendrocytes were found in the cerebellum but no differences in the cerebrum. Apopt …

Human fetal astrocytes in culture support the growth of the neurotropic human polyomavirus, JCV.

JC virus (JCV) has frequently been described as a tissue specific agent in the human population targeting the myelin producing oligodendrocyte whose destruction results in the demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JC virus growth in cell culture systems has generally reflected that observation because its multiplication is most efficient in cultures derived from human fetal brain. These cultures, however, are composed of a mixed population of cells phenotypically categorized as either astrocytes or precursors to oligodendrocytes. We have been able to separate

Leptomeningeal-derived doublecortin-expressing cells in poststroke brain.

Increasing evidence indicates that neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) reside in many regions of the central nervous system (CNS), includin … ough they were not identical to previously reported NSPCs, such as SVZ astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and reactive astrocytes. In this study, we showed that leptomeningeal cells in the poststroke brain express the immature neuronal marker doublecortin as well as nestin. We also showed that these cells can migrate into the poststroke cortex. Thus, t …

Single-cell RNA profiling of oligodendroglial lineage cells derived from iPSCs carrying Parkinson's disease-relevant LRRK2-G2019S mutation.

Recent findings indicate oligodendrocytes (ODCs) and their progenitors are vulnerable in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Notably, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) exhibit high endogenous expression of the PD-relevant gene LRRK2. We differentiated iPSCs carrying the PD-relevant LRRK2 p.G2019S mutation into oligodendroglial lineages and performed single-cell RNA sequencing. Cell-type composition analysis revealed an increased proportion of OPCs, proliferating OPCs, and ciliated ependymal cells in LRRK2 lines, all of which are characterized by LRRK2 expression. Differential expressio…

Comparative transcriptomics reveals human-specific cortical features.

The cognitive abilities of humans are distinctive among primates, but their molecular and cellular substrates are poorly understood. We used … rocytes, and oligodendrocytes had more-divergent expression across species compared with neurons or oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and neuronal expression diverged more rapidly on the human lineage. Only a few hundred genes showed human-specific patterning, suggesting that relatively few cellular and molecular changes distinctively define adult human cortical structure.

Oligodendroglia vulnerability in the human dorsal striatum in Parkinson's disease.

Oligodendroglia are the responsible cells for myelination in the central nervous system and their involvement in Parkinson's disease (PD) is poorly understood. We performed sn-RNA-seq and image-based spatial transcriptomics of human caudate nucleus and putamen (dorsal striatum) from PD and control brain donors to elucidate the diversity of oligodendroglia and how they are affected by the disease. We profiled a total of ~ 200.000 oligodendroglial nuclei, defining 15 subclasses, from precursor to mature cells, 4 of which are disease-associated. These PD-specific populations are characterized by

Ablation of oligodendrogenesis in adult mice alters brain microstructure and activity independently of behavioral deficits.

Oligodendrocytes continue to differentiate from their precursor cells even in adulthood, a process that can be modulated by neuronal activity and experience. Previous work has indicated that conditional ablation of oligodendrogenesis in adult mice leads to learning and memory deficits in a range of behavioral tasks. The current study replicated and re-evaluated evidence for a role of oligodendrogenesis in motor learning, using a complex running wheel task. Further, we found that ablating oligodendrogenesis alters brain microstructure (ex vivo MRI) and brain activity (in vivo EEG) independent o

[Multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging assessment and mechanism exploration of preterm white matter injury in neonatal rats].

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate preterm white matter injury (PWMI) in neonatal rats using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with … side. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. RESULTS: At 0, 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours post-modeling, the relative blood flow and relative oxygen saturation on the injured side in the PWMI group were significantly lower than those in the sham operation group (P<0.05). At 24 hours post-modeling, …

GPR17+ Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells Regulate the Critical Period of Brain Development Through Novel Chondroitin Sulfate-Rich Structures.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain undergoes dynamic remodeling during development and is crucial for neuronal plasticity. While chondroitin sulfates (CS) regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, their relationship with oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) and synaptic plasticity remains unclear. This study investigated a novel CS-rich ECM structure, its origin, and its role in synaptic plasticity. Using immunohistochemistry, disaccharide analysis, and dendritic spine characterization in mice, we examined postnatal development and analyzed single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequenc

Therapeutic reduction of neurocan in murine intracerebral hemorrhage lesions promotes oligodendrogenesis and functional recovery.

BACKGROUND: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes prominent deposition of extracellular matrix molecules, particularly the chondroitin sulph … bitor of CSPG synthesis, difluorosamine, lowered neurocan levels in lesions and elevated numbers of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, mature oligodendrocytes, and SOX2+ nestin+ neuroblasts in the perihematomal area. Difluorosamine shifted the degeneration-associated functional state of microglia/macrophages in ICH towards a regulatory phenotype. MRI analyses showed better fiber t …

Single-nuclei RNA sequencing unveils astrocyte and oligodendrocyte lineage cells in post-stroke human brain.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic stroke (IS) induces profound, region-specific shifts in cellular composition and gene expression, particularly within glial populations such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). These glial responses are central to post-stroke neuroprotection, axonal stability, and myelin repair. METHODS: We performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) on surgically obtained human cortical tissues: two IS cases (superficial frontotemporal peri-infarct cortex resected during decompressive craniectomy within ∼24 h of onset) and three comparator…

Человеческая умбильная корда Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derioved Exosomes Aust Функциональная производительность в животной модели множественного склероза через рекрутирование Олигодендроцитов и аттенуляция глиоз.

Множественный склероз (MS) является хроническим нейро-воспалительным и демиелинизирующим состоянием, которое вызывает проблемы с перемещением из-за вероятной неспособности провести различие между клетками-прекурсорами олигодендроцитов и милинирующими олигодендроцитами. АИСЮ: Эта работа направлена на оценку воздействия экзосом, полученных из пуповинных мезенхимальных стволовых клеток человека, на функциональное восстановление в животной модели множественного склероза. Взрослый мужчина C57BL/6J был случайным образом разделен на три группы. Контрольные мыши были обеспечены стандартным питанием (г

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory and demyelinating condition that causes movement problems due to a probable failure to differentiate oligodendrocyte precursor cells into myelinating oligodendrocytes. AIMS: This work aims to evaluate the effect of exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on function…

MGluR5 Agonist, CHPG, увеличивает число дифференцированных человеческих олигодендроцитов.

Предыдущие исследования на взрослых мышах показывают, что 2-хлор-5-гидроксифениловый гликин (CHPG) MGluR5 сокращает потери в миелине, вызванные купризоной. Этот эффект частично привязывается CHPG к рецепторам mGluR5 для реактивных астроцитов, что приводит к высвобождению нервно-партрофного фактора мозга (BDNF), что приводит к увеличению миелина и уменьшает поведенческий дефицит. Однако остается неясным, оказывает ли CHPG аналогичное благотворное воздействие на клетки человека. Для решения этой проблемы мы изучили воздействие CHPG на клетки человека, используя как индуцированные плюрипотентными

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Previous studies on adult mice indicate that the mGluR5 agonist 2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenyl glycine (CHPG), reduces cuprizone-elicited losses i … restingly, in contrast to observations in mice, mGluR5 expression in humans is localized on PDGFRα+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and O4+ immature oligodendrocytes, but not astrocytes. Moreover, using purified human OPC cultures, we show a direct effect of CHPG in enhanced differentiation. To identify potential cellular targets of CHPG in the adult human brain, we analy …