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Natural infection of wild caught Phlebotomus tobbi to Leishmania infantum in East Azerbaijan province, northwestern Iran.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania infantum, which is transmitted to humans by bites of phlebo … genes of the parasite followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), only 2 out of 8 Phlebotomus tobbi were positive to L. infantum parasites. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that, P. tobbi was the only species found infected by L.infantum and the principal vector of the disease agent to human.

Life table characteristics of the female sandfly, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae) under three food regimes.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: In Egypt, Phlebotomus papatasi is the main vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis. In nature, P. papatasi feeds on blood from different hosts and sucrose (other sugars) mainly from fig fruits. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of three food regimes on the life table parameters of females mainly the life expectancy as a factor determining the fly's capability for Leishmania transmission. METHODS: Females maintained on different diets (30% sucrose solution, Guinea pig blood and sucrose followed by blood) under laboratory conditions were observed for offspring …

Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Leishmania donovani in naturally infected Phlebotomus chinensi from southwestern China.

Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is an important vector-borne infectious disease in western China. In this study, an epidemiological study was carried out on the vector of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in rural areas from Sichuan Province, southwestern China. In the 1263 phlebotomine sandflies captured, 859 (68.01%) were females and 404 (31.99%) males, belonging to Phlebotomus chinensis (83.37%), Sergentomyia koloshanensis (6.57%), Sergentomyia squamirostris (4.04%), and Sergentomyia barraudi (6.02%), respectively. The average prevalence of Leishmania parasites in P. chinensis females was 1.9…

Comparative attractiveness of CO(2)-baited CDC light traps and animal baits to Phlebotomus duboscqi sandflies.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: In order to understand sandfly bionomics, vector species identification, and to develop methods for sandfly control, there is a need to sample sandflies in any particular habitat. This survey was aimed at determining the best method of sampling Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the field. METHODS: Different animal baits and CO2-baited CDC light traps were used to attract sandflies released in an insect-proof screen-house located in the sandfly's natural habitat in Marigat, Baringo district of Kenya. RESULTS: Attraction of hungry P. duboscqi…

Leishmania infantum MON-98 isolated from naturally infected Phlebotomus langeroni (Diptera: Psychodidae) in El Agamy, Egypt.

Leishmania infantum zymodeme MON-98 was isolated in El Agamy, Egypt. A total of 15 (1.07%) Leishmania-like infections in the anterior midgut and in the head was found in 1,405 Phlebotomus langeroni (Nitzulescu); none of 1,785 Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) was found infected. Four of the 15 cultures (26.7%) were indistinguishable from a reference L. infantum MON-98 strain using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The isolation and identification of L. infantum MON-98 from naturally infected P. langeroni confirms that this species of sand fly is the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in El Agamy.

Характеристика восьми новых фалеботомусных серогрупповых арбовирусов (Bunyaviridae: flebovirus) из Амазонского региона Бразилии.

Описано восемь новых членов серогруппы fhlebotomus arbovirus (семья Bunyaviridae; род Флебовирус) из региона Амазонки Бразилии. Один серотип был извлечен из фебриального пациента, три — из маленьких диких животных и четыре — из песчаных мух. Маленькое исследование сыворотки, проведенное с помощью вируса Аленкера, показывает, что он редко заражает человека. Были проведены испытания на нейтрализацию с целью дополнительного фиксации и сокращения дозировки, в ходе которых были сопоставлены восемь новых вирусов с другими членами серогруппы феботомус. Была продемонстрирована тесная антигенная связь

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Eight new members of the phlebotomus fever arbovirus serogroup (family Bunyaviridae; genus Phlebovirus) from the Amazon region of Brazil are described. One serotype was recovered from a febrile patient, three from small wild animals and four from sand flies. A small serum survey carried out with the human isolate, Alenquer virus, suggests that it rarely infe…

Molecular detection of Leishmania DNA in wild-caught sand flies, Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia spp. in northern Iran.

Leishmaniasis is currently considered a major health problem in Iran, posing an increasing threat to society's development in various dimensions. This study aimed to detect Leishmania infection in wild-caught sand flies in Sari City, northern Iran. Sand flies were collected using sticky traps, and Leishmania DNA was identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the ITS2-rDNA region, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. A total of 138 female sand flies were tested, among which, only 1 specimen of Ph. papatasi (11.11 %) and Ph. major (14.28 %), 4 spe

Sand flies and Toscana virus: Intra-vector infection dynamics and impact on Phlebotomus perniciosus life-history traits.

Toscana virus (TOSV) is a leading cause of summer viral meningitis in Southern Europe (Central Italy, south of France, Spain and Portugal) and can cause severe neurological cases. Within the Mediterranean basin, it is transmitted by hematophagous sand flies belonging to the Phlebotomus genus. Despite the identification of the primary TOSV vectors, the viral developmental cycle in vector species remains largely unknown. Limited research has been conducted on transmission dynamics and the vector competence and vectorial capacity of the principal TOSV vector, Phlebotomus perniciosus. In this cont…

Leishmania donovani Transmission Cycle Associated with Human Infection, Phlebotomus alexandri Sand Flies, and Hare Blood Meals, Israel1.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major or L. tropica and visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. infantum have been reported in Israel. We collected Phlebotomus spp. sand flies in the Negev desert of southern Israel to identify circulating Leishmania spp. Of 22,636 trapped sand flies, 80% were P. alexandri. We sequenced Leishmania-specific internal transcribed spacer 1 fragments and K26 genes. Of 5,019 Phlebotomus female sand flies, 2.5% were Leishmania DNA-positive; 92% of infections were L. donovani. Phylogenetic analyses showed separate clustering of L. donovani and L. infantum. P. …

Genetic diversity and phylogeography of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), using COI and ND4 mitochondrial gene sequences.

BACKGROUND: Phlebotomus argentipes complex is the primary vector for cutaneous leishmaniasis, a burgeoning health concern in contemporary Sri Lanka, where effective vector control is important for proper disease management. Understanding the genetic diversity of the P. argentipes population in Sri Lanka is vital before implementing a successful vector control program. Various studies have indicated that genetic divergence, caused by genetic drift or selection, can significantly influence the vector capacity of arthropod species. To devise innovative control strategies for P. argentipes, explor…

ISC1, a new Leishmania donovani population emerging in the Indian sub-continent: Vector competence of Phlebotomus argentipes.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the most severe form of the disease, is caused by Leishmania donovani in the Indian sub-continent (ISC). Whole … to address the potential of ISC1 transmission by the natural vector of L. donovani in the lowlands, Phlebotomus argentipes. By experimental infection of sand flies with parasites of the different genotypes, we demonstrate that ISC1 and CG strains are developing similarly in P. argentipes, suggesting that P. argentipes is a fully competent vector for ISC1 para …

Diel periodicity and visual cues guide oviposition behavior in Phlebotomus papatasi, vector of old-world cutaneous leishmaniasis.

BACKGROUND: Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of human leishmaniases, important neglected tropical diseases. In this study, we investigated diel patterns of oviposition behavior, effects of visual cues on oviposition-site selection, and whether these affect the attraction of gravid Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli), the vector of old-world cutaneous leishmaniasis, to olfactory cues from oviposition sites. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To evaluate these questions, we conducted a series of experiments using attraction and oviposition assays within free-flight test chambers containing gravid fe…

Susceptibility of field-collected Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies from Bangladesh and Nepal to different insecticides.

BACKGROUND: The sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes is the vector for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian sub-continent. In Bangladesh since 2012, indoor residual spraying (IRS) was applied in VL endemic areas using deltamethrin. In Nepal, IRS was initiated in 1992 for VL vector control using lambda-cyhalothrin. Irrational use of insecticides may lead to vector resistance but very little information on this subject is available in both countries. The objective of this study was to generate information on the susceptibility of the vector sand fly, P. argentipes to insecticide, in support of t…

SAND-FLY PHLEBOTOMUS PAPATASI (PHLEBOTOMINAE): A GENERAL REVIEW WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ZOONOTIC CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN EGYPT.

Leishmania are digenetic protozoa which inhabit two hosts, the sandfly where they grow as promastigotes in the gut, and the mammalian macrophage where they grow as amastigotes. Sandfly (or sand fly) is a colloquial name for any species or genus of flying, biting, blood-sucking Dipteran encountered in sandy areas. In the United States, sandfly may refer to certain horse flies that are also known as "greenheads" (family Tabanidae), or to members of the family Ceratopogonidae, also known in Florida and elsewhere as a sand gnat, sandflea, no-see-um (no-see-em, noseeum), granny nipper, chitra, punk

Molecular identification of potential leishmaniasis vector species within the Phlebotomus (Euphlebotomus) argentipes species complex in Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is an emerging vector-borne disease in Sri Lanka. Phlebotomus (Euphlebotomus) argentipes sensu lato Annandale and Brunette 1908 is suspected to be a potential vector. Three sibling species have been reported in the species complex based on analysis of morphological data. A study was carried out in different parts of Sri Lanka including cutaneous leishmaniasis prevailing localities to characterise the sibling species of Phlebotomus (Euphlebotomus) argentipes sensu lato and to establish their possible role in Leishmania transmission. METHODS: Sandflies were collected u…

Laboratory testing of the insect repellents IR3535 and DEET against Phlebotomus mascittii and P. duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae).

The efficacy of the repellent IR3535 was tested and compared with DEET using two laboratory colonies of phlebotomine sand flies, Phlebotomus mascittii and Phlebotomus duboscqi. P. duboscqi, originating from Senegal, is a proven vector of Leishmania major. P. mascittii (Corsican origin) has never been demonstrated to be a vector of leishmaniasis, but it was reported in 2004 as an anthropophilic species in Germany associated with autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in people and animals. IR3535 and DEET were tested at an effective concentration of 10% in ethanol on two (one male, one female) hu…

Regional genetic differentiation of Phlebotomus sergenti in three Moroccan foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica.

Phlebotomus sergenti was identified morphologically in samples from three Moroccan foci of leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in the provinces of Azilal, Essaouira and Taza. Three primary mitochondrial DNA lineages were identified, and they could be markers for regionally distributed cryptic species. Greater mitochondrial diversity in Azilal indicated that this central province could have been the origin of dispersal of P. sergenti or the zone of secondary contact. All except one of the 21 mitochondrial haplotypes showed a marked regional distribution, and this indicates that vector co…

A new sandfly species, Phlebotomus (Larroussius) ashfordi (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Ethiopia, previously confused with P. (L.). aculeatus.

The sandfly subgenus Phlebotomus (Larroussius) contains species which transmit parasites causing cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa, including Ethiopia. The Gewasha caves in central Ethiopia harbour a new species (Phlebotomus ashfordi) belonging to the subgenus Larroussius and previously identified as P. (L.) aculeatus Lewis, Minter and Ashford. Although generally similar to P. (L.) aculeatus and P. (L.) elgonensis Ngoka, Madel and Mutinga, the species is distinct in eight male characters and in the female spermatheca. Given its taxonomic affinity to known vectors of cutaneous…

Ecdysone signaling acts as a regulator of immunity and microbiota balance, shaping Leishmania infantum infection in Phlebotomus perniciosus.

BACKGROUND: The steroid hormone ecdysone, acting through its nuclear receptor (EcR), is a key regulator of insect development and reproduction and also contributes to immune regulation and gut microbiota homeostasis. In sand flies, both immunity and the gut microbiota are critical determinants for Leishmania establishment in the midgut. Phlebotomus perniciosus is the principal vector of Leishmania infantum in the western Mediterranean basin; however, the mechanisms affecting interactions among parasite, vector immune system, and resident microbiota remain poorly understood in this species. ME…

Salivary antigens rPagSP02 and rPagSP06 are a reliable composite biomarker for evaluating exposure to Phlebotomus argentipes in Sri Lanka.

Phlebotomus argentipes is the established vector of leishmaniasis in the Indian sub-continent. Antibodies to sand fly salivary antigens are biomarkers for vector-host exposure in leishmaniasis-endemic regions. Ph. argentipes transmits Leishmania donovani in Sri Lanka, primarily causing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Our study compared the performance of salivary gland homogenate (SGH) from a lab-reared local strain of Ph. argentipes females to a composite recombinant salivary biomarker (rPagSP02 + rPagSP06) in a CL-endemic population. Sera from 546 healthy individuals, 30 CL patients, and 15 no…