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Obliteration of vestibular and cochlear aqueducts in animals.

The right vestibular aqueduct was obliterated in guinea pigs, chinchillas, and monkeys, and the right cochlear aqueduct and both the right vestibular and right cochlear aqueducts were obliterated in guinea pigs and chinchilas. Changes in auditory acuity were monitored by determining averaged temporal-response thresholds, and temporal-bone histologic studies were performed. Obliteration of the vestibular aqueduct or both the vestibular and cochlear aqueducts consistently produced endolymphatic hydrops in guinea pigs. In these animals, the auditory acuity gradually deteriorated. The low tones co

Electric shock produced drinking in the squirrel monkey.

Squirrel monkeys were periodically exposed to brief electric tail shocks in a test environment containing a rubber hose, response lever, and a water spout. Shock delivery produced preshock lever pressing and postshock hose biting. Additionally, all subjects displayed licking responses following postshock biting-attack episodes. Further experiments showed that licking was: (1) influenced by hours of water deprivation; (2) drinking behavior; (3) the direct result of shock delivery; and (4) developed spontaneously in naive subjects with or without opportunities for hose biting or lever pressing.

Investigation of acoustic trauma from the airbag.

Since the automobile-airbag passive restraint system may be in general use in early 1976, and, the fact, is now an opinion on some automobiles, its potential biomedical hazards need to be examined. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of local slap pressure of airbag deployment against the external ear and tympanic membrane and to measure its effects on subsequential hearing acuity. Adult and infant squirrel monkeys were used as experimental subjects. To create an adequate simulation of the airbag trauma, a small airbag was fabricated and mounted on a pneumatic impact fac

Larva migrans in squirrel monkeys experimentally infected with Baylisascaris potosis.

Roundworms of the genus Baylisascaris are natural parasites primarily of wild carnivores, and they can occasionally cause infection in human … animals and humans are lacking. In the present study, we experimentally infected squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) with B. potosis to determine the suitability of the monkey as a primate model. We used embryonated eggs of B. potosis at two different doses (10,000 eggs and 100,000 eggs) and examined the animals at 30 days post-infection. Histopathologic …

Studies on sporozoite-induced and chronic infections with Plasmodium fragile in Macaca mulatta and New World monkeys.

Plasmodium fragile continues to be investigated because of its biologic similarities to the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Two strains of P. fragile are available for study; one strain is able to infect mosquitoes, whereas the other strain is transmissible only by blood inoculation. The Sri Lanka strain of P. fragile was transmitted to Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis, Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, Aotus nancymaae, Aotus vociferans, and Saimiri boliviensis monkeys via sporozoites that developed to maturity only in Anopheles dirus mosquitoes. The prepatent periods ranged from…

Constitutional t(3;11)(p21;q23) in a family, including one member with lymphoma: establishment of novel cell lines with this translocation.

We describe a family with an inherited constitutional chromosome translocation (3;11) (p21;q23). Of three proven translocation carriers, one had duodenal malignant lymphoma (B-cell diffuse lymphoma, medium-sized cell type). The t(3;11)(p21;q23) was detected not only in hematopoietic cells including the patient's lymphoma cells, non-pathological bone marrow, and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood, but also in fibroblasts of the skin. We have successfully established an Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-cell line and a Herpesvirus saimiri-transformed T-cell line from the patient, and …

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection: study of an epizootic in squirrel monkeys.

An epizootic of an acutely fatal enteric disease in a colony of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) was attributed to infection by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype III. Of a total adult population of 96 animals at risk, there were six fatal cases of yersiniosis. Serological evaluation of the colony just after the outbreak ended revealed that 22 of 60 monkeys tested (37%) had significant antibody to Y. pseudotuberculosis (microagglutination titer of greater than or equal to 1:80) but did not have clinical disease. The outstanding pathological lesions noted in dying monkeys were acute, purul…

Cytokine-independent activation of STAT5 promotes the persistence and function of CD4+ regulatory T cells.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent autoimmunity by suppressing self-reactive immune cells that can damage healthy tissues. Accordingly, ther … ine-independent manner in CD4+ T cells. We determined that an engineered variant of the herpesvirus saimiri tyrosine kinase interacting protein induced the phosphorylation of STAT5 in CD4+ T cells in the absence of IL-2 to promote their survival, as well as the differentiation and maintenance of Tregs ex vivo. This STAT5 activator (aSTAT5) enhanced Treg e …

Characterization of Lck-binding elements in the herpesviral regulatory Tip protein.

Herpesvirus saimiri encodes a tyrosine kinase interacting protein (Tip) that binds to T-cell-specific tyrosine kinase Lck via multiple sequence motifs and controls its activity. The regulation of Lck by Tip represents a key mechanism in the transformation of human T-lymphocytes during herpesviral infection. In this study, the interaction of Tip with the regulatory SH3 and SH2 domains of Lck was investigated by biophysical and computational techniques. NMR spectroscopy of isotopically labeled Tip(140-191) revealed that the interaction with the LckSH3 domain is not restricted to the classical pr…

Competitive virus and host RNAs: the interplay of a hidden virus and host interaction.

During virus infection, viral RNAs and mRNAs function as blueprints for viral protein synthesis and possibly as pathogen-associated molecula … l evidence for the existence of cvhRNAs networks in hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), lytic murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections. In addition, the cvhRNA hypothesis also predicts possible cross-regulation between host and other viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), HIV, influenza virus, …

No evidence of KSHV/HHV-8 in mycosis fungoides or associated disorders.

The recently discovered human virus known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) has been associated with body-cavity-based lymphomas in AIDS patients. It is most closely related to two other herpesviruses, the Epstein-Barr virus and herpesvirus saimiri, which are known to be associated with lymphomas in humans and nonhuman primates, respectively. To determine whether KSHV/HHV-8 is involved in the pathogenesis of mycosis fungoides (MF) and related disorders, we used a genomic PCR assay followed by confirmatory Southern blot analysis with a nested oligo…

Sp140L функционирует как фактор ограничения герпесвируса, подавляющий вирусную транскрипцию и активирующий интерферонально-стимулированные гены.

Герпесвирусы, включая вирус Эпштейн-Барр (ЭБВ), - человеческий онкогенный вирус и важнейший пусковой механизм множественного склероза, - должны обходить механизмы ДНК-разведки, чтобы установить пожизненную скрытую инфекцию. Поэтому герпесвирусы кодируют вирусные белки, чтобы разрушить ключевые факторы, связанные с зондированием ДНК и вирусным ограничением. Первый вирусный белок латентности, выраженный EBNA-LP, крайне важен для преобразования наивных клеток B и установления вирусного генного экспрессии, однако его роль в уклонении от защиты хостов остается неясной. Используя одноклеточную после

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) - a human oncogenic virus and essential trigger of multiple sclerosis - must bypass host D … cellular proliferation. Notably, we also identify Sp140L as a restriction target of the herpesvirus saimiri ORF3 protein, implying a role for Sp140L in immunity to other diverse DNA viruses. This study reveals Sp140L as a restriction factor that we propose links sensing and transcriptional suppression of viral DNA to an Interferon-independent innate immun …

The mitochondrial genome of Dipetalonema gracile from a squirrel monkey in China.

Dipetalonema gracile is a common parasite in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), which can cause malnutrition and progressive wasting of the host, and lead to death in the case of massive infection. This study aimed to identify a suspected D. gracile worm from a dead squirrel monkey by means of molecular biology, and to amplify its complete mitochondrial genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis. The results identified the worm as D. gracile, and the full length of its complete mitochondrial genome was 13,584 bp, which contained 22 tRNA genes, 12 protein-coding genes, tw…

An anthropoid/strepsirrhine divergence in ventral visual stream connectivity.

The ventral visual stream has undergone extensive reorganization within the primate lineage. While some work has examined restructuring of the ventral prefrontal cortical gray matter across primates, comparative studies of white matter connectivity are lacking primarily due to difficulties in data acquisition and processing. Here, we present a data-driven approach to the study of white matter connectivity using postmortem diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. With this approach, we reconstruct anterior temporal-frontal and occipitotemporal-frontal connections across 2 anthropoids an

Behavioral and neurochemical effects of amphetamine analogs that release monoamines in the squirrel monkey.

To date, there are no effective pharmacotherapies for treating psychostimulant abuse. Previous preclinical and clinical studies have shown that continuous treatment with the monoamine releaser amphetamine reduces cocaine self-administration, but amphetamine selectively targets the dopamine system and is reinforcing. In the present study, we examined the consequences of administration of amphetamine and three structurally related analogs that vary in their potencies for releasing dopamine and serotonin on behavioral-stimulant effects and nucleus accumbens dopamine levels in squirrel monkeys. Am

Innervation of the levator ani muscles in the female squirrel monkey.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to characterize the innervation of the levator ani muscles in the female squirrel monkey and to investigate its usefulness as an animal model of pelvic organ prolapse. STUDY DESIGN: Eleven nulliparous female squirrel monkeys with no pelvic organ prolapse were used in this study. Detailed pelvic dissections were conducted (n = 3), and the Koelle stain for acetylcholinesterase was used to identify the motor endplate zone in the levator ani muscles (n = 2). Unilateral levator ani (n = 4) and pudendal (n = 2) neurectomies were performed; changes in levator

Naltrexone blocks amphetamine-induced hyperactivity, but not disruption of social and agonistic behavior in mice and squirrel monkeys.

Significant anatomical overlap of opioid and dopamine receptors as well as reciprocity of control over synthesis, metabolism, and release of opioid peptides and dopamine in brain suggests functional interactions between the two systems. In the first of two studies, the behavioral effects of amphetamine and naltrexone alone, and in combination were studied in established groups of socially interacting squirrel monkeys. Naltrexone (0.1-10.0 mg/kg, IM) increased locomotion and marking behavior in subordinate monkeys. The frequency of social initiatives directed at treated subordinate monkeys by u

Failure of bone induction by bone matrix in adult monkeys.

Extraskeletal bone formation can be induced in rodents by implantation of demineralised bone matrix and such implantation has been used to treat bone defects in man, but it is uncertain if induction or merely conduction occurs. We studied bone induction in primates by excising segments of the fibulae of adult squirrel monkeys, defatting and demineralising them before reimplanting them into the quadriceps of the same animal. As a control experiment, rat matrix was prepared in exactly the same way and implanted in rats. After six weeks the implants were harvested and either ashed and analysed fo

Subjective concomitants of motion sickness: quantifying rotation-induced illness in squirrel monkeys.

It has been suggested by numerous researchers that the development of conditioned food aversion (CFA) in experimental animals represents the presence of a subjective state of illness. Squirrel monkeys with proven susceptibility to rotation-induced vomiting were given surgical bilateral labyrinthectomies, a procedure known to abolish signs and symptoms of motion sickness in human beings. Postoperatively, labyrinthectomized monkeys neither vomited nor revealed any reduction in food consumption when exposed to provocative rotation. Other samples of monkeys known to be refractory to horizontal rot