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Nanobodies (Nbs) in virology and viral diseases: Applications in viral detection, neutralization, and therapy.

Nanobodies (Nbs), also known as variable domains of camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (VHHs), have emerged as promising biomolecules in antiviral diagnostics and therapeutics because of their small molecular size, high stability, strong antigen-binding affinity, and ease of genetic engineering. Compared with conventional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), Nbs exhibit superior tissue penetration, improved access to cryptic epitopes, cost-effective microbial production, and enhanced physicochemical stability under harsh environmental conditions. These properties make them attractive candidates for

Virology, epidemiology, transmissions, diagnostic tests, prophylaxis and treatments of human Mpox: Saudi Arabia perspective.

Mpox (Monkeypox) is a highly contagious viral disease that can be transmitted from animal-to-human or human-to-human through intimate contac … fovir, tecovirimat, and cidofovir. The aim of this review is to provide valuable insights regarding virology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, transmissions, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, prophylactic measures and therapeutic options of Mpox from SA perspective. Moreover, a side-by-side discussion on the global trend and scenarios of Mpox has been pr …

Advancing the frontiers of virology in Africa: The African Virologists Network's Mission and Progress.

Africa has long been a hotspot for emerging and re-emerging viral infections such as Ebola, Mpox, Lassa fever, HIV, and arboviruses. Despite the continent's critical role in virology, African virologists have historically lacked a dedicated platform for collaboration and influence in global health policies. The African Virologists Network (AVN) was established in 2019 to address these gaps, fostering research collaboration, knowledge exchange, and capacity building. This article details the history of AVN, its initiatives, and its impact, including the African Virology Congress (AVC), the AVN …

Comprehensive Review of Emergence and Virology of Tickborne Bourbon Virus in the United States.

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic triggered considerable attention to the emergence and evolution of novel human pathogens. Bourbon virus (BRBV) was first discovered in 2014 in Bourbon County, Kansas, USA. Since its initial discovery, several cases of BRBV infection in humans have been identified in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. BRBV is classified within the Thogotovirus genus; these negative-strand RNA viruses appear to be transmitted by ticks, and much of their biology remains unknown. In this review, we describe the emergence, virology, geographic range and e…

Crossroads in virology: current challenges and future perspectives in the age of emerging viruses.

Ongoing global health challenges posed by emerging and re-emerging viruses have highlighted the critical importance of understanding virus-h … isciplinary collaborations and equity in health access is therefore imperative for transforming the virology landscape.

Review article: hepatitis E-a concise review of virology, epidemiology, clinical presentation and therapy.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute icteric hepatitis and acute liver failure in the developing world. During the last decade, there has been increasing recognition of autochthonous (locally acquired) HEV infection in developed countries. Chronic HEV infection is now recognised, and in transplant recipients this may lead to cirrhosis and organ failure. AIM: To detail current understanding of the molecular biology of HEV, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and propose future directions for basic science and clinical research. METHODS: PubMed was searched for Eng

Chronic hepatitis B: Virology, natural history, current management and a glimpse at future opportunities.

The host immune system plays an important role in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), both in viral clearance and hepatocellular damage. Advances in our understanding of the natural history of the disease have led to redefining the major phases of infection, with the "high replicative, low inflammatory" phase now replacing what was formerly termed the "immune tolerant" phase, and the "nonreplicative phase" replacing what was formerly termed the "inactive carrier" phase. As opposed to the earlier view that HBV establishes chronic infection by exploiting the immaturity of the neonate's immune system, new

Parasitology, virology, and serology of free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans) from central Georgia, USA.

We examined 31 free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans) from central Georgia, USA, for select parasites and viral agents. Sixteen coyotes had adult heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis). Serum samples from 27 animals revealed antibodies against canine parvovirus (100%), canine distemper virus (48%), canine adenovirus (37%), and Trypanosoma cruzi (7%); none were detected against Leishmania spp. Twenty-two of 24 (92%) coyotes were positive for Toxoplasma gondii. Real-time PCR of feces revealed 32% of coyotes were shedding canine parvovirus, and sequencing revealed type 2b and 2c. Because coyotes could be

[The prognostic value of virology and immunology markers in Chinese HIV-1 infected people].

OBJECTIVE: To study the prognostic value of virology and immunology markers in Chinese HIV-1 infected people and their correlation. METHODS: We studied 190 HIV infected people/AIDS patients' samples from China. Plasma viral load, P24 antigen, virus culture, CD4 positive T lymphocyte (CD4) count and CD8 positive T lymphocyte(CD8) count were tested. Test groups were divided according to clinical staging diagnosis from physicians. The data were analyzed in aspects of their relations with clinical status and correlations among all the above markers. RESULTS: Plasma viral load, CD4 count and CD4/…

[Epstein-Barr virus and associated diseases. Course of Medical Virology, Institut Pasteur, 1995/1996].

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an ubiquitous virus infecting nearly the entire adult human population. The EBV is closely associated with rhinopharyngeal cancer in Southern China and Northern Africa. Three geographic subtypes of EBV have been identified to date. They differ by their nuclear antigene EBNA2. The EBNA2 AC strains predominate in Asia; EBNA2 AD strains predominate in the United States; EBNA2 B strains have all been identified in black Africa. Burkitt's lymphoma is the most frequent tumor in children aged 5 to 9 years in equatorial Africa. A prospective study in 42,000 children in

Важность вирологической лаборатории в диагностике вирусного менингита и управлении им.

Последние достижения в области клеточной культуры сделали возможным быстрое и точное обнаружение энтивирусов - наиболее часто выявленной причины асептического менингита. В период с 1983 по 1985 год 69 пациентов были диагностированы как больные интеровиральным менингитом по вирусной культуре цереброспинной жидкости, глоточного мазка и/или ректального мазка или образцов стула. Половина из 49 пациентов, у которых диагностирование было основано на положительной цереброспинской флюидовой культуре, непосредственно извлекли пользу из вирусной культуры благодаря раннему изъятию антибиотиков, раннему в

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Recent advances in cell culture techniques have made possible the rapid and accurate detection of enteroviruses, the most commonly identifie … ithin one week. The cost of viral culture is comparable with that of other microbiologic tests. The virology laboratory has proved useful in the diagnosis and management of patients with enteroviral meningitis.

Magnitude of virologic blips is associated with a higher risk for virologic rebound in HIV-infected individuals: a recurrent events analysis.

BACKGROUND: The importance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) blip magnitude on virologic rebound has been raised in clinical guidelines relating to viral load assays. METHODS: Antiretroviral-naive individuals initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) after 1 January 2000 and achieving virologic suppression were studied. Negative binomial models were used to identify blip correlates. Recurrent event models were used to determine the association between blips and rebound by incorporating multiple periods of virologic suppression per individual. RESULTS: 3550 participants (82% ma

Bridging virology, public health, and food safety: a comprehensive review of hepatitis A virus.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) remains a significant global public health concern, particularly as a foodborne pathogen. Despite advances in vaccin … nce on naturally acquired immunity in high-endemic zones. Our synthesis aims to bridge gaps between virology, clinical medicine, and food safety, offering insights for interdisciplinary collaboration in HAV prevention and control.

Microneedle patch technologies in virology: bridging immunization, antiviral therapy, and point-of-care diagnostics.

Microneedle patches (MNPs) represent a transformative transdermal delivery platform capable of painlessly penetrating the superficial layers of the skin to enable efficient delivery of vaccines, antiviral therapeutics, genetic payloads, and diagnostic agents. By directly targeting the epidermal and dermal compartments, which are densely populated with antigen-presenting cells, microneedle (MN)-based delivery can enhance immune activation while reducing antigen dose requirements and improving patient acceptability. These attributes are particularly relevant in virology, where rapid, scalable, a…

The French Armed Forces Virology Unit: A Chronological Record of Ongoing Research on Orthopoxvirus.

Since the official declaration of smallpox eradication in 1980, the general population vaccination has ceased worldwide. Therefore, people under 40 year old are generally not vaccinated against smallpox and have no cross protection against orthopoxvirus infections. This naïve population may be exposed to natural or intentional orthopoxvirus emergences. The virology unit of the Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (France) has developed research programs on orthopoxviruses since 2000. Its missions were conceived to improve the diagnosis capabilities, to foster vaccine development, and t…

How Chikungunya Virus Virology Affects Its Epidemiology and Transmission: Implications for Influencing Public Health.

Chikungunya virus has been causing a series of ongoing epidemics around the globe for the past 12 years. During that time, estimates indicate that >4 million cases occurred worldwide. Despite the magnitude of these outbreaks and the broad interest in understanding the virus and disease, significant gaps still exist in our knowledge base. An in-depth understanding of the basic virological elements that can affect the epidemiology of the agent is critical for future development of control and treatment products. This work describes how knowledge of various viral genetic and structural elements h