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Therapeutic potential of cytokine-induced killer cell therapy for renal cell carcinoma and prostate cancer.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and prostate cancer (PCa) are among the most prevalent and therapeutically challenging malignancies of the genitourinary system, particularly in advanced or metastatic stages. For advanced/metastatic RCC, targeted agents such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved progression-free and overall survival. For metastatic castration-sensitive PCa, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) combined androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs) with or without chemotherapy remains the standard of care. Despite these advances, ther

Adoptive immunotherapy strategies with cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells in the treatment of hematological malignancies.

Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are a heterogeneous population of immune effector cells that feature a mixed T- and Natural killer (NK) cell-like phenotype in their terminally-differentiated CD3+CD56+ subset. The easy availability, high proliferation rate and widely major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted antitumor activity of CIK cells contribute to their particularly advantageous profile, making them an attractive approach for adoptive immunotherapy. CIK cells have shown considerable cytotoxicity against both solid tumors and hematological malignancies in vitro and in animal

Epidemiology of infections in cancer patients.

Although major advances in the care of cancer patients over the past several decades have resulted in improved survival, infectious complications remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. To successfully identify, treat, and prevent infections, a comprehensive understanding of risk factors that predispose to infection and of commonly encountered pathogens is necessary. In addition, clinicians must keep abreast of the changing epidemiology of infections in this population. As therapeutic modalities continue to evolve, as established pathogens become increasingly drug resistant, and

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… TH1 cells secrete lymphokines that activate macrophages and mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. TH2 cells secrete lymphokines that stimulate B-cell development and may help activate cytotoxic T cells. …

A Deep Dive Into the Newest Avenues of Immunotherapy for Pediatric Osteosarcoma: A Systematic Review.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone cancer affecting children and young adults, most often occurring at the metaphysis of long bones. At present, treatment with combinations of surgery and chemotherapy for the localized OS has only brought minuscule improvements in prognosis. In comparison, the advanced, metastatic, or recurrent forms of OS are often non-responsive to chemotherapy, adding to the dire need to develop new and efficient therapies. The question of interest investigated in this systematic review is whether immunotherapy can play a meaningful role in improving the clin

Significance of Medicinal Mushrooms in Integrative Oncology: A Narrative Review.

Medicinal mushrooms are widely used in East Asia for the treatment of various diseases, especially in complementary cancer care. While there is a growing interest in medicinal mushrooms in Western countries and an increasing number of pre-clinical studies indicate distinct anti-cancer and regenerative properties, little is known about their potential relevance for clinical practice. This review aims to provide an overview of the clinical evidence, significance and potential role of medicinal mushrooms in complementary cancer care. Scientific databases for (randomized) controlled clinical trial

Oncogenes: The Passport for Viral Oncolysis Through PKR Inhibition.

The transforming properties of oncogenes are derived from gain-of-function mutations, shifting cell signaling from highly regulated homeostatic to an uncontrolled oncogenic state, with the contribution of the inactivating mutations in tumor suppressor genes P53 and RB, leading to tumor resistance to conventional and target-directed therapy. On the other hand, this scenario fulfills two requirements for oncolytic virus infection in tumor cells: inactivation of tumor suppressors and presence of oncoproteins, also the requirements to engage malignancy. Several of these oncogenes have a negative i

Canine Cancer: Strategies in Experimental Therapeutics.

Cancer is the most common cause of death in adult dogs. Many features of spontaneously developing tumors in pet dogs contribute to their potential utility as a human disease model. These include similar environmental exposures, similar clonal evolution as it applies to important factors such as immune avoidance, a favorable body size for imaging and serial biopsy, and a relatively contracted time course of disease progression, which makes evaluation of temporal endpoints such as progression free or overall survival feasible in a comparatively short time frame. These criteria have been leverage

Drug repurposing in malignant pleural mesothelioma: a breath of fresh air?

Drug repurposing is the use of known drugs for new indications. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare cancer with a poor prognosis. So far, few treatments have been approved in this disease. However, its incidence is expected to increase significantly, particularly in developing countries. Consequently, drug repurposing appears as an attractive strategy for drug development in MPM, since the known pharmacology and safety profile based on previous approvals of repurposed drugs allows for faster time-to-market for patients and lower treatment cost. This is critical in low- and middle-in

CBD promotes antitumor activity by modulating tumor immune microenvironment in HPV associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

IntroductionMarijuana use is associated with HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, cannabinoid use continues to increase in the US general population for recreational purposes as well as in cancer patients for palliative care. In this study, we explored the role of cannabidiol (CBD) in promoting anti-tumor activity by modulating immune response in HPV-positive HNSCC by using pre-clinical models.MethodsThe anti-proliferative effect of CBD on HPV-positive HNSCC cells was evaluated through BrdU, apoptosis and migration analyses, followed by western blot analysis to

TGF-β: an active participant in the immune and metabolic microenvironment of multiple myeloma : TGF-β in the microenvironment of multiple myeloma.

Although substantial quantities of potent therapies for multiple myeloma (MM) have been established, MM remains an incurable disease. In recent years, our understanding of the initiation, development, and metastasis of cancers has made a qualitative leap. Cancers attain the abilities to maintain proliferation signals, escape growth inhibitors, resist cell death, induce angiogenesis, and more importantly, escape anti-tumor immunity and reprogram metabolism, which are the hallmarks of cancers. Besides, different cancers have different tumor microenvironments (TME), thus, we pay more attention to

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… Effector T cells: They derive from T cells after antigenic stimulation, encompass various types including Th cells, Tregs, and CTLs, and function by secreting lymphokines. During this process, a subset transitions into memory T cells—this is known as the induction stage. …

Harnessing Immune Response in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Despite the results achieved with the evolution of conventional chemotherapy and the inclusion of targeted therapies in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), survival is still not satisfying, in particular in the setting of relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease or elderly/unfit patients. Among the most innovative therapeutic options, cellular therapy has shown great results in different hematological malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphomas, with several products already approved for clinical use. However, despite the great interest in also expanding the application

Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids on Tumor Microenvironment: A Molecular Switch in Neoplasia Transformation.

The efficacy of chemotherapy depends on the tumor microenvironment. This microenvironment consists of a complex cellular network that can exert both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on tumor genesis. Given the increasing interest in the effectiveness of cannabis, cannabinoids have gained much attention as a potential chemotherapy drug. Cannabinoids are a group of marker compounds found in Cannabis sativa L., more commonly known as marijuana, a psychoactive drug used since ancient times for pain management. Although the anticancer potential of C. sativa, has been recognized previously, increa

γδ T Cell Immunotherapy-A Review.

Cancer immunotherapy utilizing Vγ9Vδ2 T cells has been developed over the past decade. A large number of clinical trials have been conducted on various types of solid tumors as well as hematological malignancies. Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy can be classified into two categories based on the methods of activation and expansion of these cells. Although the in vivo expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by phosphoantigens or nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-bis) has been translated to early-phase clinical trials, in which the safety of the treatment was confirmed, problems such as activation-ind

Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells: A Unique Platform for Adoptive Cell Immunotherapy after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

BackgroundImmunotherapies in general, and cellular immunotherapies, in particular are becoming increasingly integrated into current personalized cancer treatment, though still facing some obstacles in the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) setting.SummaryThe concept of isolating immune effector cells, expanding their numbers, enhancing their anticancer capabilities by modifying them without increasing their alloreactive potential is the mainstay of adoptive cellular immunotherapy after allogeneic HSCT. In this context, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, a polyfunctiona

Bispecific antibodies and CAR-T cells: dueling immunotherapies for large B-cell lymphomas.

Despite recent advances in frontline therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), at least a third of those diagnosed still will require second or further lines for relapsed or refractory (rel/ref) disease. A small minority of these can be cured with standard chemoimmunotherapy/stem-cell transplant salvage approaches. CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-19) therapies are increasingly altering the prognostic landscape for rel/ref patients with DLBCL and related aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Long-term follow up data show ongoing disease-free outcomes consistent w

Killers at the crossroads: The use of innate immune cells in adoptive cellular therapy of cancer.

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is an approach to cancer treatment that involves the use of antitumor immune cells to target residual disease in patients after completion of chemo/radiotherapy. ACT has several advantages compared with other approaches in cancer immunotherapy, including the ability to specifically expand effector cells in vitro before selection for adoptive transfer, as well as the opportunity for host manipulation in order to enhance the ability of transferred cells to recognize and kill established tumors. One of the main challenges to the success of ACT in cancer clinical trials

Molecular Approaches To Target GPCRs in Cancer Therapy

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… Radiolabelled lymphokines and growth factors for in vivo imaging of inflammation, infection and cancer Trends Immunol. 2003 24 395 402 12860531 10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00174-1 104. van Essen M. Krenning E.P. Kam B.L. de Jong M. Valkema R. Kwekkeboom D.J. …

Clinical Trials with Combination of Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells and Dendritic Cells for Cancer Therapy.

Adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI) is a promising treatment for a number of cancers. Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIKs) are considered to be major cytotoxic immunologic effector cells. Usually cancer cells are able to suppress antitumor responses by secreting immunosuppressive factors. CIKs have significant antitumor activity and are capable of eradicating tumors with few side effects. They are a very encouraging cell population used against hematological and solid tumors, with an inexpensive expansion protocol which could yield to superior clinical outcome in clinical trials employing ad

Interleukin-6: obstacles to targeting a complex cytokine in critical illness.

Circulating concentrations of the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) are known to be increased in pro-inflammatory critical care syndromes, such as sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Elevations in serum IL-6 concentrations in patients with severe COVID-19 have led to renewed interest in the cytokine as a therapeutic target. However, although the pro-inflammatory properties of IL-6 are widely known, the cytokine also has a series of important physiological and anti-inflammatory functions. An adequate understanding of the complex processes by which IL-6 signalling occurs is c

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… Involvement of a NF-κB-like transcription factor in the activation of the interleukin-6 gene by inflammatory lymphokines. Mol Cell Biol. 1990;10:561–568. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.2.561-568.1990. 6. Ray A, Tatter SB, May LT, Sehgal PB. …

Oncologic Emergencies: Immune-Based Cancer Therapies and Complications.

Cancer therapies have undergone several recent advancements. Current cancer treatments include immune-based therapies comprised of checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive immunotherapy; each treatment has the potential for complications that differ from chemotherapy and radiation. This review evaluates immune-based therapies and their complications for emergency clinicians. Therapy complications include immune-related adverse events (irAE), cytokine release syndrome (CRS), autoimmune toxicity, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell-related encephalopathy syndrome (CRES). Immune-related adverse