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Neuropsychiatric Complications of Two Re-Emerging Viruses (DENV and MPXV): Current Evidence, Pathophysiological Mechanisms, and Diagnostic Challenges.

Dengue virus (DENV) and Monkeypox virus (MPXV) are two major re-emerging viral pathogen, which have recently gained global attention, mainly in light of their potential for widespread transmission and the ability to cause various complications. While the characteristic manifestations of these infections comprise lymphadenopathy, fever, and rash, recent studies suggest a darker dimension, neuropsychiatric complications, which are a hallmark of neurovirulent viral pathogens. However, current evidence suggests that these complications, which may vary from mild to critical conditions such as menin…

Preventing monkeypox outbreaks: Focus on diagnosis, care, treatment, and vaccination.

The first human case of monkeypox virus (Mpox) was reported in 1970. In the years after 1970, human infection with Mpox and human-to-human transmission was not widely observed, and more cases were seen in endemic areas. In that year, Mpox spread was confirmed through the export of infected animals to other parts of the world. Every few years, sporadic infections were reported in different parts of the world from human contamination and human-to-human transmission. In recent years, with the slow decline of the COVID-19 pandemic, the outbreak of Mpox was observed in many countries of the world. …

Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Monkeypox: A Systematic Review.

Monkeypox or Mpox is an infectious virus predominantly found in Africa. It has spread to many countries since its latest outbreak. Symptoms such as headaches, chills, and fever are observed in humans. Lumps and rashes also appear on the skin (similar to smallpox, measles, and chickenpox). Many artificial intelligence (AI) models have been developed for accurate and early diagnosis. In this work, we systematically reviewed recent studies that used AI for mpox-related research. After a literature search, 34 studies fulfilling prespecified criteria were selected with the following subject categor

Mpox: exploring the nursing role in diagnosis, management and controlling its spread.

Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a viral disease that has become a significant global health concern following outbreaks beyond its endemic regions in central and west Africa. In 2022, the World Health Organization declared a 'public health emergency of international concern' (PHEIC) due to a rise in mpox cases, predominantly affecting gay and bisexual men. Although the initial surge of cases had diminished by early 2023, a new PHEIC was declared in 2024 due to a more severe strain of the virus circulating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Healthcare workers, especially nurses, h

Canalicular obstructions after monkeypox infection.

We report two cases of lacrimal obstruction after ocular infection with monkeypox virus (MPX) in the 2022 outbreak. One of them was a distal canalicular obstruction and the other was a proximal canalicular obstruction. In the first days of MPX they presented with conjunctivitis and periocular skin vesicles. Several months after the ophthalmic condition was cured, they showed persistence of epiphora, and the lacrimal problem was diagnosed. The photographs taken during the inflammation of the anterior pole were reviewed and vesicles located in the same area as the canalicular damage were observe…

A Case of Mistaken Identity: Varicella Zoster and Monkeypox.

Mpox, previously referred to as monkeypox, is a zoonotic virus originally endemic to West Africa which has recently garnered significant attention due to a global outbreak. It remains a challenging diagnosis due to varying clinical presentations and similarities with other infectious pathogens. While diligent monitoring of its prevalence remains crucial, clinicians should combat recency bias when forming differentials for viral illnesses with similar presentations. Here, we discuss the case of an immigrant child with self-reported vaccination history of Varicella Zoster who was diagnosed with

Orthopoxvirus genes that mediate disease virulence and host tropism.

In the course of evolution, viruses have developed various molecular mechanisms to evade the defense reactions of the host organism. When understanding the mechanisms used by viruses to overcome manifold defense systems of the animal organism, represented by molecular factors and cells of the immune system, we would not only comprehend better but also discover new patterns of organization and function of these most important reactions directed against infectious agents. Here, study of the orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans, such as variola (smallpox), monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses

[Evasion of mammalian organism defense systems by orthopoxviruses].

Viruses during their evolution have mastered various molecular mechanisms to evade the defense reactions of the host organism. When understanding the mechanisms used by viruses to overcome manifold defense systems of the animal organism, represented by molecular factors and cells of the immune system, we would not only comprehend better, but also discover new patterns of organization and function of these most important reactions directed against infectious agents. Here, study of the orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans, such as variola, monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses, may be most im

New and re-emerging infectious diseases: epidemics in waiting.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: New and emerging diseases, combined with the rapid spread of pathogens resistant to antibiotics and of disease-carrying insects resistant to insecticides, are daunting challenges to human health. RECENT FINDINGS: The new diseases of recent months are West Nile virus conquering the American continent, the introduction of monkeypox in the USA, the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome worldwide, and avian influenza which crossed the species barrier again to claim several victims. SUMMARY: Emerging infectious diseases are almost instantaneously a global concern b

[Orthopoxvirus genes for Kelch-like proteins. I. Analysis of species specific differences by gene structure and organization].

Genes and proteins of the kelch superfamily were structurally analyzed in the smallpox (SPV), monkeypox (MPV), cowpox (CPV), and vaccinia (VV) viruses. Genes potentially coding for the kelch-like proteins were found only in the variable terminal regions of the orthopoxvirus genome. The set and sizes of their protein products varied with species. All genes of the superfamily proved to be disrupted by mutations in SPV, which is highly pathogenic for its only host, man. The largest set of kelch-like proteins was observed for CPV, which is low-pathogenic for humans and has the broadest animal host

Differential replication, pathology, and immune response of clade IIb mpox virus in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.

We have previously established a clade IIb mpox virus (MPXV) pathogenic BALB/c mouse model for developing mpox countermeasures. Here, we comprehensively investigated the susceptibility of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice to MPXV and found that Clade IIb MPXV was capable of rapid replication in the lungs of both mouse strains, thus triggering similar dynamic pathological changes and antibody responses. However, C57BL/6 mice, compared to BALB/c mice, seem less susceptible to MPXV, evidenced by no significant weight loss, lower viral load, faster viral clearance, and earlier pathological improvement, as w

Designing a smallpox B-cell and T-cell multi-epitope subunit vaccine using a comprehensive immunoinformatics approach.

UNLABELLED: Smallpox is a highly contagious human disease caused by the variola virus. Although the disease was eliminated in 1979 due to it … iola virus infection. Besides, this work also provides a reference in vaccine design for preventing monkeypox virus infection, which is currently prevalent.

Discovery and genome characterization of six new orthoparamyxoviruses in small Belgian mammals.

In the future, zoonotic spillover events are expected to occur more frequently. Consequences of such events have clearly been demonstrated by recent outbreaks of monkeypox, Ebola virus, and the well-known severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Virus discovery has proven to be an important tool in the preparation against viral outbreaks, generating data concerning the diversity, quantity, and ecology of the vertebrate virome. Orthoparamyxoviruses, a subfamily within the Paramyxoviridae, are important biosurveillance targets, since they include several known animal, human,

[Determination of the optimal immunizing dose of heterologous goat pox virus vaccine (Poxviridae: <I>Chordopoxvirinae: Capripoxvirus</I>) against lumpy skin disease].

INTRODUCTION: Lumpy skin disease (LSD), sheep pox and goat pox are dangerous diseases of domestic ruminants. Representatives of the genus of capripoxviruses are antigenically similar and can be used as a vaccine for three infections, as in the case of representatives of the genus of orthopoxviruses, which includes viruses of smallpox, monkeypox, and cowpox, that all belong to a single family Poxviridae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, the vaccine strain G20-LKV of the goat pox virus and the virulent strain RIBSP2019/K of the LSD virus were used. The experiments were carried out on clini

Correlates of protective immunity in poxvirus infection: where does antibody stand?

Even though smallpox has been eradicated, the threat of accidental or intentional release has highlighted the fact there is little consensus about correlates of protective immunity or immunity against re-infection with the causative poxvirus, variola virus (VARV). As the existing vaccine for smallpox has unacceptable rates of side effects and complications, new vaccines are urgently needed. Surrogate animal models of VARV infection in humans, including vaccinia virus (VACV) and ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection in mice, monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection in macaques have been used as tools to di…

The Effects of the Combined Co-Expression of GroEL/ES and Trigger Factor Chaperones on Orthopoxvirus Phospholipase F13 Production in E. coli.

Heterologous protein expression often faces significant challenges, particularly when the target protein has posttranslational modifications, is toxic, or is prone to misfolding. These issues can result in low expression levels, aggregation, or even cell death. Such problems are exemplified by the expression of phospholipase p37, a critical target for chemotherapeutic drugs against pathogenic human orthopoxviruses, including monkeypox and smallpox viruses. The complex structure and broad enzymatic activity of phospholipase p37 render it toxic to host cells, necessitating specialized strategies

[Monkeypox: a new emerging infectious threat?].

Monkeypox, caused by the mpox virus, is an emerging infectious eruptive disease, endemic in some African countries, that spread rapidly worldwide from May to December 2022. This new epidemic differs from the previous African ones by its mode of transmission, essentially through intimate contact and/or sexual intercourse, and by the fact that in more than 90 % of cases it affects men who have sex with men. Severe forms of the disease, responsible for significant mortality, have been described in immunosuppressed patients. A third-generation vaccine is available for high-risk groups and several

Late ophthalmologic manifestations of monkeypox in a Latin American immunosuppressed patient.

BACKGROUND: The re-emergence of Monkeypox (MPX) and its related ophthalmic disease represent a clinical challenge in the initial stages because of the presence of lesions like those caused by varicella zoster, syphilis, and other infections due to other poxviruses. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and secondary immunodepression raise the risk of severe and prolonged disease. PURPOSE: We present the case of a young immunosuppressed male patient with MPX, who presented with multiple skin lesions, also including risky ophthalmological manifestations due to extensive eyelid involvemen

Emergence potential of monkeypox in the Western Pacific Region, July 2022.

Although new cases of monkeypox have been expected in the Western Pacific Region (WPR) since the virus emerged in Europe earlier this year, there have been only a few reported cases across the WPR (New Zealand 2, Singapore 6, South Korea 1, Taiwan 2), other than a limited number of cases (compared to numbers of cases seen elsewhere in the world) in Australia (33), as of July 15, 2022. In our short communication, we highlight two key reasons for this: i) international travel has still not fully resumed in the WPR following the COVID-19 pandemic, and ii) local public health measures to counter t

Молекулярные механизмы эволюции Поксвируса.

Считается, что поксивирусы развиваются относительно медленно, поскольку они являются двойными патогенами ДНК с корректирующими полимеразами. Однако оксивирусы имеют высокоприспособляемые геномы и могут претерпевать относительно быстрые генотипические и фенотипические изменения, о чем свидетельствует недавний рост передачи вируса обезьянопокс в организм человека. Достижения в технологии глубокой последовательности продемонстрировали постоянную вариацию нуклеотида у оксивирусных популяций, которая была недооценена. Появляется также понимание той роли, которую геномные архитектурные изменения игр

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Poxviruses are often thought to evolve relatively slowly because they are double-stranded DNA pathogens with proofreading polymerases. However, poxviruses have highly adaptable genomes and can undergo relatively rapid genotypic and phenotypic change, as illustrated by the recent increase in human-to-human transmission of monkeypox virus. Advances in deep seq…