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Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and associated risk factors in women in selected districts of Punjab province, Pakistan.

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma (T.) gondii. Limited data are available on the occurrence of T. gondii in women especially pregnant women in Pakistan. The present study aimed to determine the occurrence and risk factors associated with T. gondii in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Punjab Province, Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted and 593 samples were collected from pregnant (n = 293) and non-pregnant (n = 300) women of District Headquarter Hospitals of Chiniot, Faisalabad, Jhang and Okara, Pakistan. Data related to demographic parameters and …

Preliminary information on the prevalence and molecular description of Taenia hydatigena isolates in Pakistan based on mitochondrial cox1 gene.

Taenia hydatigena is a cestode of veterinary importance. Infection with the metacestode larval stage results in cysticercosis, which poses a serious challenge to the livestock industry worldwide. Globally, there are numerous reports on cysticercosis caused by T. hydatigena in sheep and goat but a lack of data on the prevalence and genetic diversity exists for Pakistan. We designed this study to provide an insight into the disease status as well as investigate the genetic variation among the recovered isolates based on the mitochondrial cox1 gene. In this study, we examined small ruminants (she…

Etiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of children with fulminant hepatic failure: Experience from a tertiary center in Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: To determine etiologies, clinical presentations and outcomes of children with fulminant hepatic failure in the first liver transplant center of Pakistan. METHODS: It was a retrospective, observational study, conducted in Paediatric Gastroenterology Department of Shifa International Hospital. Patients between one month to 16 years were included who fulfilled the Pediatric Acute Liver Failure study group (PALFSG) definition of acute liver failure as biochemical evidence of liver injury with no known co-existing chronic liver disease, coagulopathy not corrected by vitamin K, an Inter…

Detection of Human Adenovirus, Rotavirus, and Enterovirus in Tap Water and Their Association with the Overall Quality of Water in Karachi, Pakistan.

Drinking water supplies in the developing world often serve as a biosphere for various organisms. Viral gastroenteritis is a neglected area of research in Pakistan, there are no data for the prevalence of enteric viruses in drinking water of the largest city of Karachi. The present study aimed to provide a survey of the existence of enteric viruses: human adenovirus (HAdV), human enteroviruses (hEV), and genotype A rotavirus (GARV) in tap water. Using a simple PCR approach, we detected 20%, 43%, and 23% of HAdV, hEV, and GARV in tap water samples, respectively. We have also shown an overall qu…

Investigation of Japanese encephalitis virus as a cause of acute encephalitis in southern Pakistan, April 2015-January 2018.

BACKGROUND: Japanese encephalitis (JE) occurs in fewer than 1% of JE virus (JEV) infections, often with catastrophic sequelae including death and neuropsychiatric disability. JEV transmission in Pakistan was documented in 1980s and 1990s, but recent evidence is lacking. Our objective was to investigate JEV as a cause of acute encephalitis in Pakistan. METHODS: Persons aged ≥1 month with possible JE admitted to two acute care hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan from April 2015 to January 2018 were enrolled. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum samples were tested for JEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) using …

Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors for Brucellosis in Small Ruminants Kept at Institutional Livestock Farms in Punjab, Pakistan.

Brucellosis is reportedly endemic in ruminants in Pakistan. Both Brucella abortus and B. melitensis infections have been decumented in domestic animals and humans in the country. This study aimed to identify the burden of anti-Brucella antibodies in small ruminants as well as associated potential risk factors with its occurrence at nine institutional livestock farms in Punjab, Pakistan. The sera collected from equal number of sheep and goats (500 from each species) were screened by indirect-ELISA for anti-smooth-Brucella antibodies followed by a serial detection by real-time PCR. Overall, 5.1%…

Infections in patients with multiple myeloma treated with conventional chemotherapy: a single-center, 10-year experience in Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common hematologic malignancy with variable degrees of immunodeficiency. Disease- and treatment-related compromise of the immune system predisposes patients to infections, which are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to establish the incidence and main characteristics of infections in MM patients treated at our center over a 10-year period. METHOD AND RESULTS: Of the 412 patients retrospectively analyzed, 154 (37.4%) were documented to have at least one episode of infection and were included in this study. A total of 244 inf

Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Resident of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Presenting to Civil Hospital Karachi: A Case Report.

Despite being prevalent in the cities of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu Kashmir in north-eastern Pakistan, diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis for doctors in Pakistan can be an arduous task. We present here, a case of a five-year-old boy, who presented to us with a history of intermittent, high-grade fever, abdominal pain that was localized to the left side and abdominal distention as well as pallor for the past two and a half months. The child also developed measles in the week before presenting to us at Civil Hospital Karachi. On examination, the child looked pale, with several hyperpigmented…

A Novel Homozygous Mutation of the AIRE Gene in an APECED Patient From Pakistan: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Autoimmune-poly-endocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal-dystrophy syndrome (APECED) is a rare monogenic recessive disorder caused by mutations … report the clinical, endocrinological, and molecular features of a 16-year-old female patient from Pakistan living in Italy and presenting the major APECED clinical manifestations CMC, CHP, and primary adrenal insufficiency. Premature ovarian failure, chronic bronchopneumopathy, vitiligo, Hashimoto's thyroiditis emerged as associated diseases. In our pati …

Curbing the hepatitis C virus epidemic in Pakistan: the impact of scaling up treatment and prevention for achieving elimination.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a global health strategy to eliminate viral hepatitis. We project the treatment and prevention requirements to achieve the WHO HCV elimination target of reducing HCV incidence by 80% and HCV-related mortality by 65% by 2030 in Pakistan, which has the second largest HCV burden worldwide. METHODS: We developed an HCV transmission model for Pakistan, and calibrated it to epidemiological data from a national survey (2007), surveys among people who inject drugs (PWID), and blood donor data. Current treatment coverage data came from expe…

Evidence of Chikungunya Virus Disease in Pakistan Since 2015 With Patients Demonstrating Involvement of the Central Nervous System.

Several arboviruses are endemic to and co-circulate in Pakistan. In recent years, Pakistan has observed a rise in arboviral infections. A cross-sectional study for arboviral diseases, which included screening for Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), was initiated in 2015 to determine which pathogens were causing disease in patients presenting to health care services. Exposure to CHIKV was verified via detection of viral nucleic acids or virus-specific IgM with virus-specific neutralizing antibodies. Out of 997 enrolled patients presenting with clinical features suggestive of arboviral disease, 102 patie…

Variability of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lesions Is Not Associated with Genetic Diversity of Leishmania tropica in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan.

Leishmania tropica is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan. Here, intraspecific diversity of L. tropica from northern Pakistan was investigated using multilocus microsatellite typing. Fourteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were typed in 34 recently collected L. tropica isolates from Pakistan along with 158 archival strains of diverse Afro-Eurasian origins. Previously published profiles for 145 strains of L. tropica originating from different regions of Africa, Central Asia, Iran, and Middle East were included for comparison. Six consistently well-supported genetic gr…

Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of the families of b-thalassaemia children in thalassaemia centers of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are common within spine patient populations. The demand for surgical management of degenerative spine conditions and the prevalence of mental disorders are expected to increase as the general population ages. Concurrently, there is increasing pressure to demonstrate high-value care through improved perioperative outcome metrics and patient-reported outcome instruments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of common mental disorders on perioperative markers of high resource utilization and patient-reported outcomes measurement information syste

Анализ обширной эволюции вирусных штаммов в мире в Чикунгунии показал, что в Пакистане в 2016 году появились эпидемии CHIKV.

Вирус Чикунгунья (CHIKV) — вирус, передаваемый через комары, который вызывает эпидемии во всем мире, особенно в тропических и субтропических районах. Филогенетический анализ показал, что линии CHIKV связаны с пространственным и временным распределением, которое связано с адапцией вируса к основным видам комаров и их распределением. В этом исследовании мы сообщали о полных последовательности генома восьми ЧИКВ, изолированных от вспышки в Пакистане в прошлом году. Затем мы изучили историю эволюции с использованием обширного филогенетического анализа, проанализировали специфические подмены в виру

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes epidemics widely in the world especially in the tropical and subtropical reg … this study, we reported the complete genome sequences of eight CHIKV isolates from the outbreak in Pakistan last year. Then we reviewed the evolutionary history using extensive phylogenetic analysis, analyzed lineage-specific substitutions in viral proteins, and characterized the spreading pathway of CHIKV strains including the Pakistani strains. The resu …

Seroprevalence and risk factors of glanders in working equines - Findings of a cross-sectional study in Punjab province of Pakistan.

Glanders is an infectious and contagious bacterial disease of equines. A little is known about its seroprevalence and risk factors in working equines in countries where the disease is endemic. Also, there are no reports on prevalence of the disease in areas where there is a prior evidence of Burkholderia (B.) mallei detection in soil. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected districts (n=09) of Punjab province of Pakistan during 2014-2015. A total of 1008 serum samples were screened for detection of antibodies to B. mallei with complement fixation test followed by western blot. The ov…

PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF DENTAL CARIES, GINGIVITIS, AND CALCULUS DEPOSITS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN OF SARGODHA DISTRICT, PAKISTAN.

BACKGROUND: According to a pathfinder survey conducted by World Health Organization, dental caries is the single most common chronic childhood disease in Pakistan. The update information regarding dental health of school children of Sargodha district is required to plan community caries prevention programs and for better understanding of existing situation, and may improve longevity, treatment, and care. METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted in four randomly selected schools of Sargodha district, stratified by gender selected. Two well-trained dentists examined the oral cavities o…

Rationalizing ethnopharmacological uses of Alternanthera sessilis: A folk medicinal plant of Pakistan to manage diarrhea, asthma and hypertension.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tribal herbal practitioners of Pakistan use Alternanthera sessilis (Amaranthaceae) to treat diarrhea, asthma and hypertension. OBJECTIVE: The current study was conducted to provide mechanistic basis for anti-spasmodic, anti- asthmatic and anti-hypertensive use of Alternanthera sessilis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The crude ethanolic extract of Alternanthera sessilis (As.Cr) and its fractions were tested in- vitro on isolated rabbit tissue preparations (i.e., jejunum, trachea, and aorta) and in-vivo in ketamin-diazepam anaesthetized normotensive rats.The responses …

Molecular evidence shows that the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica is the predominant Fasciola species in ruminants from Pakistan.

Fascioliasis is an important disease affecting livestock, with great costs to producers worldwide. It has also become a serious issue for hu … ted from multiple species of hosts from seven localities in the Punjab and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan, to determine the distribution of these two species. All 46 flukes processed in this study, collected from seven sites, showed the rDNA ITS-2 genotype corresponding to F. gigantica, contradicting previous reports, based on adult and egg morphology, …

PRE-DONATION SCREENING OF VOLUNTEER PRISONER BLOOD DONORS FOR HEPATITIS B AND C IN PRISONS OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN.

BACKGROUND: Prisoners as a high risk group are never recommended for blood donations. In Pakistan, prisoners are legally allowed to donate blood and get thirty days extra remission. Inspectorate of prisons allowed Alizaib Foundation for blood donation camps subject to predonation screening of volunteer prisoner blood donor against infectious diseases. This study was conducted to identify the potential benefits of pre-donation screening. METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted in October, 2009 in Punjab. Intending volunteer prisoner blood donors from January, 2007 to September, 2009 …

Fluoride estimation and its correlation with other physicochemical parameters in drinking water of some areas of Balochistan, Pakistan.

The fluoride level in drinking water is an important parameter and has to be controlled in order to prevent dental and skeletal fluorosis. The objective of this study is to assess fluoride content and other water quality parameters in the samples taken from open wells, tube wells, and karezes of Mastung, Mangochar, and Pringabad areas of Balochistan province. A total number of 96 drinking water samples out of 150 were found unfit for human consumption. Area-wise analysis show that the samples from 39 sites from Mastung, 12 from Mangochar, and 13 from Pringabad were found in the risk of dental