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Viral metagenomic analysis of the cheese surface: A comparative study of rapid procedures for extracting viral particles.

The structure and functioning of microbial communities from fermented foods, including cheese, have been extensively studied during the past decade. However, there is still a lack of information about both the occurrence and the role of viruses in modulating the function of this type of spatially structured and solid ecosystems. Viral metagenomics was recently applied to a wide variety of environmental samples and standardized procedures for recovering viral particles from different type of materials has emerged. In this study, we adapted a procedure originally developed to extract viruses fro

[Screening of antiviral activity of samples from chaga Inonotus obliquus and humic acid from brown coal on Vero cell culture against ectromelia virus (Poxviridae: Orthopoxvirus; ECTV)].

INTRODUCTION: The mouse-specific orthopoxvirus, ectromelia virus, is one of the best models that can be used to study key issues of pathogen … ate Collection of Pathogens of Viral Infections and Rickettsioses of the State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector"; Vero Е6 cell culture (No 70) from the Collection of cell cultures of the State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector". Nine samples from chaga I. obliquus and humic acid from brown coal were used to eval …

Delays in HIV-1 infant polymerase chain reaction testing may leave children without confirmed diagnoses in the Western Cape province, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis and confirmation of HIV infection in newborns is crucial for expedited initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Confirmatory testing must be done for all children with a reactive HIV PCR result. There is no comprehensive data on confirmatory testing and HIV PCR test request rejections at National Health Laboratory Service laboratories in South Africa. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the metrics of routine infant HIV PCR testing at the Tygerberg Hospital Virology Laboratory, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, including the proportion of rejected test requests, turn-…

The First "Virus Hunters".

The history of virology is a history of conceptual and technological inventions and breakthroughs. The development of filters made of porcelain or kieselgur by the end of the 19th century which withheld bacteria allowed the identification of infectious agents smaller than bacteria and noncultivable on the media known at that time and used to grow bacteria. Even finer-grain filters resulted in the observation that the ultravisible novel infectious agents are in fact of particulate nature. Infections of plants and animals were the first to be attributed to these tiny entities. Proof resulted fro…

S18 family of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins: evolutionary history and Gly132 polymorphism in colon carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Virology is inherently challenging due to the sheer volume of information medical students are responsible for learning. Cognitive integration of this content is critical for early medical students to practice applying this knowledge to diagnostic problem-solving. Simulation offers learners engaging opportunities to practice cognitive integration. We developed a simulated clinic activity for first-year medical students consisting of standardized patient (SP) encounters representing viral infections. METHODS: Student small groups rotated through eight SP encounters during which t…

Viruses and disease: emerging concepts for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

Viruses cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from acute self-resolving conditions to acute fatal diseases. Effects that arise long after the primary infection can also increase the propensity for chronic conditions or lead to the development of cancer. Recent advances in the fields of virology and pathology have been fundamental in improving our understanding of viral pathogenesis, in providing improved vaccination strategies and in developing newer, more effective treatments for patients worldwide. The reviews assembled here focus on the interface between virology and pathology and e…

Insights from Avian Influenza: A Review of Its Multifaceted Nature and Future Pandemic Preparedness.

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have posed a significant pandemic threat since their discovery. This review mainly focuses on the epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis, and treatments of avian influenza viruses. We delve into the global spread, past pandemics, clinical symptoms, severity, and immune response related to AIVs. The review also discusses various control measures, including antiviral drugs, vaccines, and potential future directions in influenza treatment and prevention. Lastly, by summarizing the insights from previous pandemic control, this review aims to direct effective strategies…

Monkeypox infection: An update for the practicing physician.

As of August 5, 2022, >26,000 cases of monkeypox have been diagnosed worldwide and the steep increase of cases has spurred renewed concern about the risk for another viral pandemic. In this narrative review, we address etiology, epidemiology and virology of monkeypox, describing routes of transmission and modes of spread. We also describe the current clinical presentation of monkeypox, focusing on circumstances where the disease should be suspected, and the methods to diagnose it. Finally, we briefly describe available treatments and strategies for active immune prophylaxis.

Вирусы, преподающие иммунологию: роль модели ЛСМВ и человеческих вирусных инфекций в иммунологических открытиях.

Вирология сыграла важную роль в расшифровке многих иммунологических явлений, тем самым формируя наше нынешнее понимание иммунной системы. Зверские модели вирусной инфекции и вирусных инфекций человека являются важными инструментами для иммунологических открытий. В настоящем обзоре рассматриваются два иммунологических прорыва, которые первоначально были выявлены с помощью модели лимфоцитного хориоменингита (ЛКМВ); иммунологические ограничения, обусловленные основными гистокомпьютерными комплексами, и иммунная терапия с помощью блокировки контрольно-пропускных пунктов. Кроме того, мы обсуждаем т

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Virology has played an essential role in deciphering many immunological phenomena, thus shaping our current understanding of the immune system. Animal models of viral infection and human viral infections were both important tools for immunological discoveries. This review discusses two immunological breakthroughs originally identified with the help of the ly…

Update: outbreak of Rift Valley Fever--Saudi Arabia, August-November 2000.

On September 10, 2000, the Ministry of Health (MOH), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and subsequently, the MOH of Yemen began receiving reports of unexplained hemorrhagic fever in humans and associated animal deaths and abortions from the far western Saudi-Yemeni border region. These cases subsequently were confirmed as Rift Valley fever (RVF), the first such cases on the Arabian peninsula. This report updates the findings of the ongoing investigation conducted by the Saudi Arabian MOH in collaboration with CDC and the National Institute of Virology, South Africa.

Rapid diagnosis of mumps virus infections by immunofluorescence methods.

Mumps and its complications, particularly meningoencephalitis, is an important disease problem, and more rapid diagnostic methods are desirable. A study was made of immunofluorescence methods for the early detection of mumps virus isolated in cell cultures, or adsorbed directly from clinical specimens onto guinea pig erythrocytes. A specific diagnosis could be made in hours to 2 or 3 days utilizing immunofluorescence methods, in contrast to about 6 days by standard methods. Details of the direct immunofluorescence methods are presented, to encourage wider application in clinical virology labor…

Genotyping not required for sustained effectiveness of long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine: evidence from the RELATIVITY cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Long-acting injectable cabotegravir and rilpivirine (LAI CAB+RPV) provides an alternative to daily therapy for people with HIV (PWH) with virologic suppression. Although genotypic testing is recommended before switching, its real-world clinical value is unclear. We assessed outcomes after switching to LAI CAB+RPV with or without available genotypes in the Spanish RELATIVITY cohort. DESIGN: RELATIVITY is a multicenter, ambispective cohort study assessing the effectiveness and safety of LAI CAB+RPV in adults with HIV across 58 centers in Spain. METHODS: Posthoc analysis of 3146 par

V3-Loop genotypes do not predict maraviroc susceptibility of CCR5-tropic virus or clinical response through week 48 in HIV-1-infected, treatment-experienced persons receiving optimized background regimens.

Viruses from 15 of 35 maraviroc-treated participants with virologic failure and CCR5-tropic (R5) virus in the MOTIVATE studies at Week 24 had reduced maraviroc susceptibility. On-treatment amino acid changes were observed in the viral envelope glycoprotein 120 third variable (V3)-loop stems and tips and differed between viruses. No amino acid change reliably predicted reduced susceptibility, indicating that resistance was genetic context-dependent. Through Week 24, poor adherence was associated with maraviroc-susceptible virologic failure, whereas reduced maraviroc susceptibility was associate

Prevalence of Hepatitis B Reactivation Among Chinese Individuals With Chronic Hepatitis C Treated With Pan-Oral Direct-Acting Antivirals.

BACKGROUND: Clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been reported to induce the reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of HBV reactivation in HCV-infected Chinese patients who received treatment with pan-oral direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). METHODS: Data from HCV subjects receiving oral DAA therapy were retrospectively collected from October 2015 to May 2017. Patients who were seropositive for HBsAg or anti-HBc were enrolled. The efficacy of DAAs, including end-of-treatment virologic response (ETVR) and sustained virologic response (SVR) 1

HIV-1 Drug Resistance Among Ugandan Adults Attending an Urban Out-Patient Clinic.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about prevalence of drug resistance among HIV-infected Ugandans, a setting with over 15 years of public sector access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and where virological monitoring was only recently introduced. SETTING: This study was conducted in the adults' out-patient clinic of the Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda. METHODS: HIV genotyping was performed in ART-naive patients and in treatment-experienced patients on ART for ≥6 months with virological failure (≥1000 copies/mL). RESULTS: A total of 152 ART-naive and 2430 ART-experienced patients we

HIV resistance testing and detected drug resistance in Europe.

OBJECTIVES: To describe regional differences and trends in resistance testing among individuals experiencing virological failure and the prevalence of detected resistance among those individuals who had a genotypic resistance test done following virological failure. DESIGN: Multinational cohort study. METHODS: Individuals in EuroSIDA with virological failure (>1 RNA measurement >500 on ART after >6 months on ART) after 1997 were included. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for resistance testing following virological failure and aORs for the detection of resistance among those who had a test were c

Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir for HCV in Patients Coinfected with HIV-1.

BACKGROUND: Effective treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains an unmet medical need. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, single-group, open-label study involving patients coinfected with HIV-1 and genotype 1 or 4 HCV receiving an antiretroviral regimen of tenofovir and emtricitabine with efavirenz, rilpivirine, or raltegravir. All patients received ledipasvir, an NS5A inhibitor, and sofosbuvir, a nucleotide polymerase inhibitor, as a single fixed-dose combination for 12 weeks. The primary end point was a sustained

Combination antiretroviral treatment for women previously treated only in pregnancy: week 24 results of AIDS clinical trials group protocol a5227.

BACKGROUND: Women with HIV and prior exposure to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) solely for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (pMTCT) need to know whether they can later be treated successfully with a commonly used regimen of efavirenz (EFV) and coformulated emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). METHODS: Nonpregnant women with plasma HIV-1 RNA of ≥500 copies per milliliter, previously cART exposed for pMTCT only, were eligible if they were off ART for ≥24 weeks before entry, were without evidence of drug resistance on standard genotyping, and were rea

Recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation: on-treatment prediction of response to peginterferon/ribavirin therapy.

Sustained virologic response (SVR) in the treatment of recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after liver transplantation (LT) remains suboptimal. We evaluated efficacy of pegylated interferon alfa (PEG) and ribavirin (RBV) (PEG/RBV) combination therapy in LT recipients with recurrent HCV and predictive values of rapid virological response (RVR) and early virologic response (EVR). Between January 2001 and October 2005, LT recipients with recurrent HCV were intended to be treated for 48 weeks with PEG/RBV combination therapy independent of genotype or virologic response [53 patients (79% g

Virus taxonomy and the ICTV - 21 FAQs for the perplexed virologist.

Just over 125 years has passed since the 'filterable' agents of tobacco mosaic disease and foot-and-mouth disease were first described as infectious, replicating entities smaller than bacteria. Today, viruses are formally classified into more than 16,000 species ranked into genera, families and higher taxa. The development of an official virus taxonomy has been overseen by an International Committee, first constituted in 1966 and renamed as the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) in 1975. Despite the engagement of the ICTV in virus taxonomy over the last 60 years, many aspect