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The 2024 monkeypox outbreak in Pakistan: assessing the nation's public health preparedness.

The new subclade Ib of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) is spreading rapidly across Africa and has now been reported outside the continent. Historically, clade I has been associated with more severe disease than clade II, and its newly mutated variant, clade Ib is raising further concerns. Pakistan is among the first non-African countries to confirm a case of mpox in the recent outbreak, amid the World Health Organization's sounding warning of a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). With an underfunded, underequipped, and overburdened healthcare system, Pakistan remains virtually…

Mpox associated with Panton-Valentin leucocidin-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among people with HIV.

We report three cases of mpox (disease caused by the monkeypox virus) that developed in people with HIV co-infected with Panton-Valentin leucocidin-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (PVL-MRSA), diagnosed in mid-February 2023. All three cases had preserved HIV immune status, and their mpox was mild and resolved without antiviral medications, but the trigger for their visit was the presence and history of skin and soft tissue infections. Our cases suggest that mpox is already prevalent among sexually active MSM in Tokyo, Japan. PVL-MRSA has been extremely rare in the general …

За глубиной кожи: пролить свет на нейропсихиатрические последствия обезьянопокса (Мпокс).

Этот обзор проводится с учетом предупреждения Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ) о вирусе обезьянопокс (Мпокс) в целях обобщения имеющихся данных о потенциальном воздействии на центральную нервную систему (ЦНС), его осложнениях и методах диагностики. Мы просмотрели различные международные базы данных (включая Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science и Google Scientist) для статей, в которых упоминаются инфекция Mpox, ортопокс и центральная нервная система, опубликованная в период с 2000 по 2022 годы. Дополнительные данные были оценены на основе соответствующих исследований, опубликованных в лит

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
This review is attempted in view of World Health Organization (WHO) warning on Monkeypox virus (Mpox) to summarize the available data regarding the potential effect on central nervous system (CNS), its complications, and diagnostic methods. We combed various international databases (including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) for articles m…

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Mpox Patients Attending an STD Clinic in Lisbon.

Mpox is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which marked the year of 2022 with a global outbreak. While previously considered to be a zoonosis of almost exclusive animal-to-human transmission, the current outbreak has been attributed to human-to-human transmission, particularly sexual transmission. As a new sexually transmissible disease, we studied the epidemiological and clinical features, as well as the concomitant occurrence of other sexually transmissible diseases, treatment approach, and outcome of our 291 patients, in the current outbreak. We found a total of 169 concomitant …

In Vitro Selection and Characterization of Tecovirimat-resistant Mpox Virus.

BACKGROUND: Mpox virus (MPXV) is the causative agent of mpox, a disease characterized by skin lesions, and remains a global threat since the recent 2022 outbreak. Tecovirimat is an antiviral agent that inhibits MPXV replication in vitro and in vivo by targeting the viral phospholipase VP37 protein and blocking viral envelope wrapping. Although tecovirimat has been administered to many mpox patients, the emergence of tecovirimat-resistant MPXVs carrying mutations in the VP37 protein has been reported, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. However, the impact of these respective mutatio

Aptamer-CRISPR/Cas as a tool in point-of-care testing of infectious diseases.

Aptamers and the CRISPR/Cas system have become the cornerstones of target detections due to their numerous advantages. Aptamers enable direc … ehensive overview of these platforms designed for detecting significant viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, Monkeypox virus, Hepatitis B virus and bacteria that include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella. Current challenges that impede the deployment of aptamer-CRISPR/Cas for point-of-care pathogen detection were also mapped, including prima …

Frontiers in aptamer-based diagnostics and therapeutics for zoonotic diseases.

Zoonotic diseases have become a significant public health concern due to their capacity to cross species barriers and cause widespread outbr … bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonoses, including Leptospira, Helicobacter pylori, rabies virus, monkeypox virus, Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma gondii. It highlights their mechanisms of interaction, including the molecular recognition of virulence factors, such as lipoprotein L32 (lipL32), non-structural protein 1 (NS1), and Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrog …

Molecular mimicry of NF-κB by vaccinia virus protein enables selective inhibition of antiviral responses.

Infection of mammalian cells with viruses activates NF-κB to induce the expression of cytokines and chemokines and initiate an antiviral response. Here, we show that a vaccinia virus protein mimics the transactivation domain of the p65 subunit of NF-κB to inhibit selectively the expression of NF-κB-regulated genes. Using co-immunoprecipitation assays, we found that the vaccinia virus protein F14 associates with NF-κB co-activator CREB-binding protein (CBP) and disrupts the interaction between p65 and CBP. This abrogates CBP-mediated acetylation of p65, after which it reduces promoter recruitme

Tecovirimat for smallpox infections.

SIGA Technologies, Inc. is a small biotech company committed to developing novel products for the prevention and treatment of serious viral … a potential biological warfare agent. Likewise emerging zoonotic infections due to cowpox virus and monkeypox virus require the development of effective countermeasures. Tecovirimat, also known as ST-246, has shown efficacy in all small animal and nonhuman primate prophylaxis and therapeutic efficacy models of poxvirus-induced disease tested to date. Phase I clin …

The pathogenicity and multi-organ proteomic profiles of Mpox virus infection in SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques.

Mpox poses a heightened risk of severe disease and mortality among individuals with HIV, yet the molecular mechanisms and immunopathology underlying multi-organ damage caused by the mpox virus (MPXV), particularly in the context of HIV co-infection, remain poorly understood. Here, we observe increased MPXV replication, more extensive skin lesions, and impaired humoral and cellular immune responses in SIV-MPXV co-infected rhesus macaques compared to those infected with MPXV alone. Multi-organ proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses reveals upregulation of proteins involved in immune and inflamm

New aminoadamantane derivatives as inhibitors of F13 envelope protein from mpox virus.

Mpox is a zoonotic viral disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPV), currently classified as a public health emergency of international concern by the WHO. In this study, Aminoadamantane (AMA) and five synthetic derivatives were evaluated as potential candidates for treating mpox. The compounds exhibited remarkable in vitro activity against MPV. The selectivity index (SI) values exceeded 1500, indicating a high degree of antiviral potency, particularly 3F2 (SI > 37,878.79). Regarding the mechanism of action, all compounds tested acted at specific steps of the viral replication cycle. Derivative 3…

Laboratory assessment of a multi-target assay for the rapid detection of viruses causing vesicular diseases.

BACKGROUND: The recent mpox outbreak has highlighted the need to rapidly diagnose the causative agents of viral vesicular disease to inform treatment and control measures. Common causes of vesicular disease include Monkeypox virus (MPXV), clades I and II, Herpes simplex viruses Type 1 and Type 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and Enteroviruses (EVs). Here, we assessed a syndromic viral vesicular panel for rapid and simultaneous detection of these 7 targets in a single cartridge. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the QIAStat-Dx ® viral…

Epidemiological and clinical features of mpox during the clade Ib outbreak in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Clade Ib, a new strain of clade I monkeypox virus, emerged in eastern DR Congo, sparking an international outbreak. Comprehensive studies are needed to assess its transmission dynamics and clinical presentation. METHODS: We did a prospective observational cohort study at Kamituga General Hospital in South Kivu, DR Congo, between May 2 and Oct 9, 2024. Sociodemographic, exposure, and clinical data were collected from mpox-suspected cases. Cases were confirmed by Xpert Mpox PCR and followed through hospitalisation and on days 29 and 59 after diagnosis. FINDINGS: Of the 510 suspecte…

Mpox outbreak in the Netherlands, 2022: public health response, characteristics of the first 1,000 cases and protection of the first-generation smallpox vaccine.

In early May 2022, a global outbreak of mpox started among persons without travel history to regions known to be enzootic for monkeypox virus (MPXV). On 8 August 2022, the Netherlands reported its 1,000th mpox case, representing a cumulative incidence of 55 per million population, one of the highest cumulative incidences worldwide. We describe characteristics of the first 1,000 mpox cases in the Netherlands, reported between 20 May and 8 August 2022, within the context of the public health response. These cases were predominantly men who have sex with men aged 31-45 years. The vast majority of…

In situ structure of the poxvirus portal complex.

Poxviruses are a family of large, complex double-stranded DNA viruses that includes human pathogens such as variola-the cause of smallpox-and monkeypox. Recent outbreaks of mpox underscore the need for a better understanding of poxvirus biology1,2. Poxvirus assembly is a conserved process that involves the formation of a biconcave core inside the membrane of the maturing virus3,4. Here we use cryo-electron tomography combined with subtomogram averaging and structure prediction to determine the structure and composition of the portal complex-a pore that spans the core wall-in vaccinia virus, th

Use of live Variola virus to determine whether CAST/EiJ mice are a suitable surrogate animal model for human smallpox.

Numerous animal models of systemic orthopoxvirus disease have been developed to evaluate therapeutics against variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. These animal models do not resemble the disease presentation in human smallpox and most used surrogate Orthopoxviruses. A rodent model using VARV has a multitude of advantages, and previous investigations identified the CAST/EiJ mouse as highly susceptible to monkeypox virus infection, making it of interest to determine if these rodents are also susceptible to VARV infection. In this study, we inoculated CAST/EiJ mice with a range …

Smallpox vaccine with integrated IL-15 demonstrates enhanced in vivo viral clearance in immunodeficient mice and confers long term protection against a lethal monkeypox challenge in cynomolgus monkeys.

Despite the eradication of smallpox, there is heightened concern that it could be reintroduced as a result of intentional release of Variola … ed with vaccinia viruses with integrated IL-15, when challenged 3 years later with a lethal dose of monkeypox virus displayed milder clinical manifestations with complete recovery supporting the utility of Wyeth/IL-15 for contemporary populations as a safer and efficacious smallpox vaccine.

Neurological complications of Orthopoxvirus infections: neurotropism and neurovirulence.

With the declaration of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection as a global health emergency in 2022 by the World Health Organization and its ongoing presence, orthopoxviruses have garnered increasing attention, including their capacity to cause neurological disease. Indeed, the mpox syndrome caused by MPXV infection is recapitulated in humans for several other orthopoxviruses, including variola (VARV, the cause of smallpox), vaccinia (VACV), camelpox (CMPX) and cowpox (CPXV) viruses, albeit with variable disease severities. In addition to prototypic signs and symptoms of Orthopoxvirus infections, su…

Insight into the Natural Biomolecules (BMs): Promising Candidates as Zika Virus Inhibitors.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is among the relatively new infectious disease threats that include SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, monkeypox (Mpox) virus, etc. ZIKV has been reported to cause severe health risks to the fetus. To date, satisfactory treatment is still not available for the treatment of ZIKV infection. This review examines the last five years of work using natural biomolecules (BMs) to counteract the ZIKV through virtual screening and in vitro investigations. Virtual screening has identified doramectin, pinocembrin, hesperidins, epigallocatechin gallate, pedalitin, and quercetin as potentially activ

Assessment of the knowledge, attitude, and perception of the world's population towards monkeypox and its vaccines: A systematic review and descriptive analysis of cross-sectional studies.

BACKGROUND: Prevention and treatment of the monkeypox virus (Mpox) remain challenging in areas where it is endemic. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to collect this information from various studies in one study to give a comprehensive view of people's opinions, fears, and behaviors about this virus. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for descriptive cross-sectional study designs conducted in 2022 and 2023 addressing knowledge, attitude, perception, preparedness, willingness to get vaccinated, and practices against Mpox i…