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[Infectious disease : what's new in 2025].

In 2025, several studies have shaped the field of infectious diseases. Cefazolin has replaced anti-staphylococcal penicillins for treating Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, while shorter 7-day courses are sufficient for other bloodstream infections. Treating the male partner in cases of bacterial vaginosis reduces recurrence risk among heterosexual couples. In virology, tecovirimat has proven ineffective against clade 1 monkeypox virus, declared a global health emergency, highlighting the need for new treatments. Finally, respiratory infection prevention is advancing with RSV vaccination for a…

Разъяснение генов, достаточных для вирусного проникновения в клетки с помощью экранов активации в рамках всего генома CRISPR.

Первостепенной целью вирологии является обнаружение клеточных генов, которые являются посредником в проникновении вируса. Дифференцированные по всему геному экраны с потерей функционирования могут зажечь отдельные гены, необходимые для ввода вируса, однако они сдерживаются генетической избыточностью. Здесь мы рассказываем о стратегии скрининга в рамках всего генома CRISPR для обнаружения отдельных генов, которые достаточны для вирусного проникновения в обычно неинфекционные клетки. Последовательные вспышки вирусной инфекции значительно усилили чувствительность к скринингу. Эта последовательная

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
A preeminent goal of virology is to discover cellular genes that mediate virus entry. Genome-wide loss-of-function screens can illuminate single genes necessary for virus entry, but are stymied by genetic redundancy. Here we report a genome-wide CRISPR activation screening strategy to discover single genes that are sufficient for viral entry into normally-un…

Structural Biology of the Zika Virus.

Zika virus (ZIKV), a Flaviviridae family member transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, has emerged as a major health concern. ZIKV infections can cause serious neurological complications in adults, and infection in pregnant women can cause congenital malformations, including fetal and newborn microcephaly. In response to this emerging concern, the structural virology field was quick to explore the features of ZIKV. These efforts have provided significant insights into ZIKV pathogenesis, and have identified targets for drug design. Here, we review the remarkable progress in structure-based ZIKV r…

The clinical utility of JC virus antibody index measurements in the context of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

In natalizumab-treated patients without previous immunosuppressive treatment, the JCV antibody index is used to stratify PML risk. A high index value indicates that the risk to develop PML is significantly elevated, although probably about 99% of patients with this index value will not develop PML. This minireview aimed to provide an overview of the basic virology and immunology relevant to understanding JCV infections in MS patients, with a focus on what is presently known about antibodies to JCV and how they could be of use to predict and diagnose PML.

Manifestations of West Nile neuroinvasive disease.

Since its introduction to North America in 1999, West Nile virus, an arthropod-borne flavivirus, has become the most significant cause of epidemic encephalitis in the western hemisphere. While most human infections with the virus are asymptomatic and the majority of symptomatic persons experience febrile illness, severe neurologic manifestations, including meningitis, encephalitis, and poliomyelitis may be seen. This review summarizes the virology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of human infection with West Nile virus, and details recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology and …

[Respiratory virus infections in children].

Eighty to ninety percent of pathogens responsible for acute respiratory infections in children are viruses, but despite advances in virology these organisms are isolated in only 20 to 45 percent of the cases. Studies conducted outside hospitals have provided epidemiological data. The virus most frequently encountered is the respiratory syncytial virus. The main clinical feature of these respiratory viral infections is obstruction of the bronchioles, and their immediate or delayed danger is the risk of chronic obstructive bronchitis. Treatment is symptomatic, but specific antiviral agents, nota…

Parainfluenza type 3 meningitis. Report of two cases and review of the literature.

The authors present two immunocompetent children with parainfluenza type 3 meningitis. In each case, the outcome was favorable without detectable complications. The authors reviewed the literature, showing that central nervous system (CNS) involvement by parainfluenza viruses has rarely been described but may present with a variety of neurologic syndromes. Pediatricians and laboratory personnel should recognize that these viruses, commonly known to produce respiratory syndromes, can also be a cause of CNS infections. If additional studies confirm these observations, clinicians and virology lab…

Postviral fatigue syndrome: time for a new approach.

Controversial views on the postviral fatigue syndrome ("myalgic encephalomyelitis") were critically appraised in their historical context and recent advances in research (virology, immunology, neurophysiology, histopathology, and epidemiology) reviewed. Flaws detected in certain aspects of recent research included in particular failure to define fatigue, inadequate assessment of psychological features, and absent or inappropriate control groups. The findings suggest that the fruitless dichotomy of "organic versus functional" should be replaced by a multifactorial approach. Most important, epid…

Development of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in a case of Sjögren's syndrome with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Persistent lymphocytosis and intermittent fever were found in a 68-yr-old Chinese woman 5 yr after the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A series of examinations--including virology, bone marrow aspiration and surface markers of lymphocytes--was made to evaluate the nature of the lymphocytosis which had not been found previously. All of the results were consistent with the diagnosis of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Development of CLL in Sjögren's syndrome has seldom been described before and may be added to other malignancies associated with…

Western equine encephalitis mimicking herpes simplex encephalitis.

A patient with severe encephalitis had focal findings suggesting herpes simplex encephalitis. After brain biopsy and administration of vidar … an illness to viruses that are actually endogenous to animals and tissue culture used in diagnostic virology.

Real-World Experience with Long-Acting Injectable Cabotegravir/Rilpivirine in HIV Patients with Unsuppressed Viral Load.

Long-acting injectable cabotegravir/rilpivirine (CAB/RPV-LA) is currently approved as a maintenance therapy for people with HIV (PWH) who are virologically suppressed. However, growing real-world evidence highlights its potential role in more complex viremic populations traditionally considered ineligible. We present a case series of eight PWH treated at two tertiary centers in Italy, all of whom faced persistent viremia, adherence difficulties, malabsorption syndromes, or psychosocial barriers. Following the switch to CAB/RPV-LA, all patients, despite heterogeneous clinical profiles and basel

Viral resistance in HCV infection.

The introduction of new multi-genotypic direct acting antivirals (DAA) in clinical practice has revolutionized HCV treatment, permitting the achievement of >95% rates of sustained virological response in many patients. However, virological failures can occur particularly if the treatments are sub optimal and/or with too short duration. Failure is often associated with development of resistance. The wide genetic variability in terms of different genotypes and subtypes, together with the natural presence and/or easy development of resistance during treatment, are intrinsic characteristics of HCV

First-line HIV treatment outcomes following the introduction of integrase inhibitors in UK guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics and outcomes of people who initiated different antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens during the era of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). DESIGN: UK-based observational cohort study. METHODS: UK Collaborative HIV Cohort study participants were included if they had started ART between 1 January 2012 and 30 June 2017. Virological failure was defined as the first of two consecutive plasma HIV RNA more than 50 copies/ml, at least 6 months after starting ART. Follow-up was censored at ART discontinuation, class switch or death. The risk of

[The efficacy and prognostic predictors of different treatment courses with pegylated interferon α-2a and ribavirin combination in recurrent chronic hepatitis C patients].

OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy and outcome predictors of combined re-treatment with pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) α-2a and ribavirin in recurrent chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. METHODS: A multicenter, prospective, randomized trial was designed. A total of 125 recurrent CHC patients were recruited in 16 clinical centers and randomly assigned into two groups: one was Peg-IFNα-2a combined with ribavirin for 48 weeks (group A) and the other the same combination for 72 weeks (group B). HCV RNA levels in patients' serum were detected at baseline, week 4, 12, 24, 48, 72 (group B) after treat

HIV-1 subtype-specific drug resistance on dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy: protocol for a multicentre study (DTG RESIST).

INTRODUCTION: HIV drug resistance poses a challenge to the United Nation's goal of ending the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The integrase strand transfer inhibitor (InSTI) dolutegravir, which has a higher resistance barrier, was endorsed by the WHO in 2019 for first-line, second-line and third-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). This multiplicity of roles of dolutegravir in ART may facilitate the emergence of dolutegravir resistance. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Nested within the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA), DTG RESIST is a multicentre study of adults and adolescents living wit

Efficacy and safety of rilpivirine (TMC278) versus efavirenz at 48 weeks in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: pooled results from the phase 3 double-blind randomized ECHO and THRIVE Trials.

BACKGROUND: Pooled analysis of phase 3, double-blind, double-dummy ECHO and THRIVE trials comparing rilpivirine (TMC278) and efavirenz. METHODS: Treatment-naive HIV-1-infected adults were randomized 1:1 to rilpivirine 25 mg once daily or efavirenz 600 mg once daily, with background tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) (ECHO) or TDF/FTC, zidovudine/lamivudine, or abacavir/lamivudine (THRIVE). The primary endpoint was confirmed response [viral load <50 copies per milliliter; intent-to-treat time-to-loss-of-virologic-response (ITT-TLOVR) algorithm] at week 48. The pooled data se

Long-term outcomes of highly experienced people with HIV undergoing salvage therapy with raltegravir.

Raltegravir and other third-line drugs have shown promise in improving outcomes in treatment-experienced patients. However, the efficacy and tolerability of these agents vary. This study assessed real-life virologic success, long-term survival, and adverse events in patients receiving raltegravir or other third-line drugs as salvage regimens. This retrospective cohort study included adults who experienced treatment failure (human immunodeficiency syndrome-1 RNA plasma viral load >1000 copies/mL) and subsequently initiated raltegravir or other third-line drugs (darunavir/ritonavir, maraviroc, o

Week 96 subgroup analyses of the phase 3, randomized AMBER and EMERALD trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of the once daily darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) single-tablet regimen in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve and -experienced, virologically-suppressed adults living with HIV-1.

BACKGROUND: Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) 800/150/200/10 mg was investigated in AMBER (treatment-naïve adults; NCT02431247) and EMERALD (treatment-experienced, virologically-suppressed adults; NCT02269917). OBJECTIVE: To describe a Week 96 pre-planned subgroup analysis of D/C/F/TAF arms by demographic characteristics (age ≤/>50 years, gender, black/non-black race), and baseline clinical characteristics (AMBER: viral load [VL], CD4+ count, WHO clinical stage, HIV-1 subtype and antiretroviral resistance; EMERALD: prior virologic failure [VF], antiretrovira

Effect of baseline resistance-associated substitutions on the efficiency of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in chronic hepatitis C subjects: A meta-analysis.

The effect of baseline resistance-associated substitutions on the sustained virologic response at 12 weeks in chronic hepatitis C subjects has drawn considerable attention. However, it has been reported that the relationship between such substitutions and sustained virologic response at 12 weeks in chronic hepatitis C subjects is variable in different treatments. This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate this relationship in subjects treated with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir. A systematic literature search up to May 2020 was done, and 17 studies were identified with 6501 chronic hepatitis C sub

ABT-450/r-ombitasvir and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin for HCV.

BACKGROUND: The interferon-free regimen of ABT-450 with ritonavir (ABT-450/r), ombitasvir, and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin has shown efficacy in inducing a sustained virologic response in a phase 2 study involving patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection. We conducted two phase 3 trials to examine the efficacy and safety of this regimen in previously untreated patients with HCV genotype 1 infection and no cirrhosis. METHODS: We randomly assigned 419 patients with HCV genotype 1b infection (PEARL-III study) and 305 patients with genotype 1a infection (PEARL-IV study)