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Dual parallel stream-specific and generalized effects of corticogeniculate feedback on LGN neurons in primate and carnivore.

Sensory circuits are organized in parallel, e.g. parallel streams relay feedforward visual information from retina to cortex. Corticogeniculate (CG) feedback is also organized in parallel; however, stream-specific influences of CG feedback remained unresolved. We utilized optogenetics to manipulate CG feedback in monkeys while recording geniculate responses to a comprehensive set of visual stimuli designed to probe stream-specific responses. Here we show that CG feedback improved the spatial resolution of magnocellular, but not parvocellular neurons. Optogenetically enhancing CG feedback incre

Optical tissue clearing and 3D imaging of intact primate testicular tissue: a novel technology development.

Classical histology struggles to preserve three-dimensional spatial context, prompting the emergence of optical tissue clearing techniques that enable imaging of intact specimens at cellular or subcellular resolution. These techniques have revolutionised fields like cell biology, developmental biology, and neuroscience. However, their application in reproductive biology remains unexplored - particularly in studying the complexities of testicular development. We developed a novel, efficient and affordable toolbox for studying intact testicular tissues, PT-CLEAR3D, that stands for primate testis

Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys: Potential Primate Paradigm in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Research.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric disorder, affecting approximately 25-35% of individuals exposed to significant psychological trauma. Despite extensive research, the underlying biological mechanisms of PTSD remain poorly understood, and the effectiveness of trauma-focused psychotherapeutic interventions is limited. To date, animal studies investigating trauma responses have primarily relied on rodent models, with the potential contributions of non-human primates relatively neglected. In this study, matched-control observations were employed to examine maternal care…

Effects of Partial Occlusion on Response Dynamics and Interregional Processing within Primate Superior Temporal Sulcus.

Recognizing partially occluded objects is a critical visual function that primates perform with ease, yet the underlying neural mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Previous studies in the macaque inferotemporal cortex have reported mixed results on whether occlusion delays and reduces responses to partially occluded objects. To address this, we recorded single-unit activity from body-responsive regions of the middle and anterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) in male macaques while presenting body stimuli with varying levels of occlusion using a dot pattern. Occlusion reduced response s…

The Potential Connection between the Brain and Neck: Exploring the Meningeal-Cervical Lymphatic Pathway in Primate Models.

BACKGROUND: There is burgeoning interest in the role of lymphatic drainage in Alzheimer disease. The brain has historically been regarded as an immune-privileged organ devoid of lymphatic drainage. Recent discovery of the glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic systems has challenged this view, suggesting that cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial waste may drain into the deep cervical lymph nodes (dcLNs). However, this pathway has not been conclusively demonstrated in nonhuman primates (NHPs). METHODS: Two NHPs ( Macaca fascicularis ) underwent craniotomy with catheter insertion into the subarachn…

Maternal immune activation during gestation modulates offspring immune profiles in a nonhuman primate model.

BACKGROUND: Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) during pregnancy is an environmental risk factor implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. While numerous studies have shown that MIA can lead to neuropathological and behavioral abnormalities in offspring, the consequences for immune system development and function are less well characterized. METHODS: To assess the impact of MIA on offspring immune function, we utilized samples from 24 nonhuman primate (NHP) dam-infant pairs. Pregnant dams received either saline (control) or polyinosinic: polyc

HOPE and AMPK activation reduce reperfusion injury and metabolic dysfunction in primate steatotic liver grafts.

Living liver transplantation has become a significant and evolving aspect of organ transplantation, with a notable proportion of cases involving pediatric patients. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease. The growing number of individuals with MAFLD has led to an annual increase in the proportion of non-alcoholic fatty liver donors for pediatric living liver transplantation. Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) has been demonstrated to improve graft quality through the implementation of a continuous mechanical perfusion cycle. However, t

Acute Cardiovascular Changes Following Cerebral Ischemia in a Non-human Primate Thromboembolic Stroke Model.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Acute cardiovascular changes following cerebral ischemia are significant contributors to stroke-related mortality, yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigated cardiovascular responses in a cynomolgus monkey thromboembolic stroke model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A thromboembolic stroke model was induced in eight male animals (aged 4 to 6 years) by occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery with an autologous blood clod. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature were continuously monitored in conscious, free-moving anim

Primate-specific adaptation of Ku protects transcriptomic integrity by suppressing Alu-mediated alternative splicing.

Accurate pre-mRNA splicing is essential for the transfer of genetic information but faces unique challenge in higher primates due to the massive expansion of intronic Alu elements1-3. While studying Ku, the Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer best known for initiating non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) by encircling DNA ends4, we discovered that Ku expression increased markedly during primate evolution in parallel with Alu expansion5. Ku binds double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stem-loops, including those at the antisense Alu (asAlu) elements within introns5. Here, we show that Ku-depletion in human cells has a bro…

Вирус Эпштейн-Барр и множественный склероз: урок, извлеченный для разработки более совершенных моделей нечеловеческого примата.

Множественный склероз (MS) — хроническое аутоиммунное расстройство с сложной этиологией, и главной причиной этого является вирус Эпштейн-Барр (EBV). Хотя понимание роли ОВБ в патогенезе MS в организме человека имеет решающее значение, модели животных, особенно нечеловеческие приматы (НВП), обеспечили бы идеальную контролируемую среду для тестирования EBV гипотез и выявления потенциальных терапевтических целей. Здесь, в настоящем Обзоре, мы рассматриваем клинически актуальные вопросы, касающиеся связи между инфекцией ЕБВ и НР, с тем чтобы обеспечить информационную основу для разработки и соверш

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder with a complex etiology, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is considered the leading cause. While understanding the role of EBV infection in the pathogenesis of MS in human subjects is crucial, animal models, particularly nonhuman primates (NHPs), would provide an ideal controlled environment for testing EB…

Areal specializations in the morpho-electric and transcriptomic properties of primate layer 5 extratelencephalic projection neurons.

Large-scale analysis of single-cell gene expression has revealed transcriptomically defined cell subclasses present throughout the primate neocortex with gene expression profiles that differ depending upon neocortical region. Here, we test whether the interareal differences in gene expression translate to regional specializations in the physiology and morphology of infragranular glutamatergic neurons by performing Patch-seq experiments in brain slices from the temporal cortex (TCx) and motor cortex (MCx) of the macaque. We confirm that transcriptomically defined extratelencephalically projecti

Cerebral Angiography and Neurobehavioral Patterns in a Non-human Primate Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Ischemic stroke is a major health concern globally and developing reliable animal models is crucial for understanding its pathophysiology. This study evaluated the relationship between cerebral angiographic findings and neurologic dysfunction in an acute non-human primate thromboembolic stroke model and determined the minimum clot length for suitable middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A thromboembolic stroke model was developed by injecting autologous blood clots (length: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 cm, n=1 to 3, 14 monkeys in total) into the internal car

Synaptic Origins of the Complex Receptive Field Structure in Primate Smooth Monostratified Retinal Ganglion Cells.

Considerable progress has been made in studying the receptive fields of the most common primate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types, such as parasol RGCs. Much less is known about the rarer primate RGC types and the circuitry that gives rise to noncanonical receptive field structures. The goal of this study was to analyze synaptic inputs to smooth monostratified RGCs to determine the origins of their complex spatial receptive fields, which contain isolated regions of high sensitivity called "hotspots." Interestingly, smooth monostratified RGCs co-stratify with the well-studied parasol RGCs and a

Cycles of goal silencing and reactivation underlie complex problem-solving in primate frontal and parietal cortex.

While classic views proposed that working memory (WM) is mediated by sustained firing, recent evidence suggests a contribution of activity-silent states. Within WM, human neuroimaging studies suggest a switch between attentional foreground and background, with only the foregrounded item represented in active neural firing. To address this process at the cellular level, we recorded prefrontal (PFC) and posterior parietal (PPC) neurons in a complex problem-solving task, with monkeys searching for one or two target locations in a first cycle of trials, and retaining them for memory-guided revisit

Quantification of human mature frataxin protein expression in nonhuman primate hearts after gene therapy.

Deficiency in human mature frataxin (hFXN-M) protein is responsible for the devastating neurodegenerative and cardiodegenerative disease of … rmacology of an adeno-associated virus (AAV)hu68.CB7.hFXN therapy. The advantage of using non-human primates for hFXN-M gene therapy studies is that hFXN-M and monkey FXN-M (mFXN-M) are 98.5% identical, which limits potential immunologic side-effects. However, this presented a formidable bioanalytical challenge in quantification of proteins with almost ide …

Safety and immunogenicity of the anti-cocaine vaccine UFMG-VAC-V4N2 in a non-human primate model.

A promising strategy for cocaine addiction treatment is the anti-drug vaccine. These vaccines induce the production of anticocaine antibodies, capable of linking to cocaine, and decrease the passage of cocaine throughout the blood-brain barrier, decreasing drug activity in the brain. Our research group developed a new vaccine candidate, the UFMG-V4N2, to treat cocaine use disorders (CUD) using an innovative carrier based on calixarenes. This study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of the anti-cocaine vaccine UFMG-VAC-V4N2 in a non-human primate toxicity study using single and multiple vac

Quantification of human mature frataxin protein expression in nonhuman primate hearts after gene therapy.

Deficiency in human mature frataxin (hFXN-M) protein is responsible for the devastating neurodegenerative and cardiodegenerative disease of … rmacology of an adeno-associated virus (AAV)hu68.CB7.hFXN therapy. The advantage of using non-human primates for hFXN-M gene therapy studies is that hFXN-M and monkey FXN-M (mFXN-M) are 98.5% identical, which limits potential immunologic side-effects. However, this presented a formidable bioanalytical challenge in quantification of proteins with almost ide …

Primate liver tissue substrate in indirect immunofluorescence diagnostics for patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and celiac disease.

INTRODUCTION: Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a rare autoimmune, polymorphous blistering disorder, characterized by severe itch or burning sensation, which represents the cutaneous manifestation of celiac disease (CD). The current estimation of DH versus CD is around 1:8 and the affected individuals have a genetic predisposition. Pathogenetically, IgA autoantibodies against the epidermal transglutaminase, an essential constituent of the epidermis, cause DH and are reported to develop through cross-reaction with the tissue transglutaminase, with IgA auto-antibodies causing CD. Immunofluorescen

3D Microstructure of the Healthy Non-Human Primate Lamina Cribrosa by Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging.

PURPOSE: The lamina cribrosa (LC) has an important role in the pathophysiology of ocular diseases. The purpose of this study is to characterize in vivo, noninvasively, and in 3D the structure of the LC in healthy non-human primates (NHPs). METHODS: Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT; Leica, Chicago, IL) scans of the optic nerve head (ONH) were obtained from healthy adult rhesus macaques monkeys. Using a previously reported semi-automated segmentation algorithm, microstructure measurements were assessed in central and peripheral regions of an equal area, in quadrants and depth-w…

Dynamics of seizure termination in a non-human primate kindling model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures which involve transient neuronal hyperexcitability or hypersynchrony. Focal seizures with impaired awareness (FIAS) are commonly related to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) with hippocampal sclerosis and potentially status epilepticus. How seizures terminate spontaneously remains an unanswered question fundamental to epileptology. To study seizure termination, we induced FIAS in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model with electrical kindling. Kindling stimulation was delivered to the basolateral amygdala once weekly for 30 weeks. Chronic