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Evaluation of travel medicine practice by yellow fever vaccination centers in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

BACKGROUND: The National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC) introduced a program of registration, training, standards, and audit for yellow fever vaccination centers (YFVCs) in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (EWNI) in 2005. Prior to rolling out the program, NaTHNaC surveyed YFVCs in England. OBJECTIVES: To reassess the practice of YFVCs in 2009, 4 years after the institution of the NaTHNaC program, to identify areas for ongoing support, and to assess the impact of the program. METHODS: In 2009, all YFVCs in EWNI were asked to complete a questionnaire on type of practice, admini…

Epidemiological and laboratory characterization of a yellow fever outbreak in northern Uganda, October 2010-January 2011.

BACKGROUND: In November 2010, following reports of an outbreak of a fatal, febrile, hemorrhagic illness in northern Uganda, the Uganda Ministry of Health established multisector teams to respond to the outbreak. METHODS: This was a case-series investigation in which the response teams conducted epidemiological and laboratory investigations on suspect cases. The cases identified were line-listed and a data analysis was undertaken regularly to guide the outbreak response. RESULTS: Overall, 181 cases met the yellow fever (YF) suspected case definition; there were 45 deaths (case fatality rate 2…

Methodology for definition of yellow fever priority areas, based on environmental variables and multiple correspondence analyses.

Yellow fever (YF) is endemic in much of Brazil, where cases of the disease are reported every year. Since 2008, outbreaks of the disease have occurred in regions of the country where no reports had been registered for decades, which has obligated public health authorities to redefine risk areas for the disease. The aim of the present study was to propose a methodology of environmental risk analysis for defining priority municipalities for YF vaccination, using as example, the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The municipalities were divided into two groups (affected and unaffected by YF) and compare…

Гестационное воздействие желтой лихорадки на различных стадиях развития вызывает поведенческие изменения в потомстве.

Наиболее эффективным методом предотвращения желтой лихорадки и борьбы с этим заболеванием является вакцина, сделанная с помощью ослабленного живого вируса. Из-за неврологического тропизма вируса не рекомендуется проводить профилактические прививки для младенцев в возрасте до 6 месяцев и беременных женщин. Однако данных о безопасности беременных женщин недостаточно, и отсутствуют какие-либо экспериментальные исследования по изучению негативных последствий для потомства после воздействия вакцины на матерей. Цель этого исследования заключалась в изучении на мышах последствий воздействия на матере

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The most effective method to prevent yellow fever and control the disease is a vaccine made with attenuated live virus. Due to the neurological tropism of the virus, preventive vaccination is not recommended for infants under 6 months and for pregnant women. However there is a paucity of data regarding the safety for pregnant women and there are no experimen…

In vivo functional genomic studies of sterol carrier protein-2 gene in the yellow fever mosquito.

A simple and efficient DNA delivery method to introduce extrachromosomal DNA into mosquito embryos would significantly aid functional genomic studies. The conventional method for delivery of DNA into insects is to inject the DNA directly into the embryos. Taking advantage of the unique aspects of mosquito reproductive physiology during vitellogenesis and an in vivo transfection reagent that mediates DNA uptake in cells via endocytosis, we have developed a new method to introduce DNA into mosquito embryos vertically via microinjection of DNA vectors in vitellogenic females without directly mani

Functional characterization of the octenol receptor neuron on the maxillary palps of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

BACKGROUND: 1-Octen-3-ol (octenol) is a common attractant released by vertebrates which in combination with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) attracts … LOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we characterize the specificity of the octenol receptor neuron in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), in vivo using single cell recordings. The octenol neuron is exquisitely sensitive to (R)-(-)-1-octen-3-ol; comparable responses to (S)-(+)-1-octen-3-ol were elicited only at stimulus doses over 100× that required for th …

The fat body transcriptomes of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, pre- and post- blood meal.

BACKGROUND: The fat body is the main organ of intermediary metabolism in insects and the principal source of hemolymph proteins. As part of our ongoing efforts to understand mosquito fat body physiology and to identify novel targets for insect control, we have conducted a transcriptome analysis of the fat body of Aedes aegypti before and in response to blood feeding. RESULTS: We created two fat body non-normalized EST libraries, one from mosquito fat bodies non-blood fed (NBF) and another from mosquitoes 24 hrs post-blood meal (PBM). 454 pyrosequencing of the non-normalized libraries resulted

Imaginal discs--a new source of chromosomes for genome mapping of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti.

BACKGROUND: The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the primary global vector for dengue and yellow fever viruses. Sequencing of the Ae. aegypti genome has stimulated research in vector biology and insect genomics. However, the current genome assembly is highly fragmented with only ~31% of the genome being assigned to chromosomes. A lack of a reliable source of chromosomes for physical mapping has been a major impediment to improving the genome assembly of Ae. aegypti. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study we demonstrate the utility of mitotic chromosomes from imaginal discs of 4(th) instar lar…

Detection of a new yellow fever virus lineage within the South American genotype I in Brazil.

Nucleotide sequences of two regions of the genomes of 11 yellow fever virus (YFV) samples isolated from monkeys or humans with symptomatic yellow fever (YF) in Brazil in 2000, 2004, and 2008 were determined with the objective of establishing the genotypes and studying the genetic variation. Results of the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed that sequences generated from strains from 2004 and 2008 formed a new subclade within the clade 1 of the South American genotype I. The new subgroup is here designated as 1E. Sequences of YFV strains recovered in 2000 belong to the subclade 1D, which comp…

An RNA pseudoknot is required for production of yellow fever virus subgenomic RNA by the host nuclease XRN1.

Cells and mice infected with arthropod-borne flaviviruses produce a small subgenomic RNA that is colinear with the distal part of the viral 3'-untranslated region (UTR). This small subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) results from the incomplete degradation of the viral genome by the host 5'-3' exonuclease XRN1. Production of the sfRNA is important for the pathogenicity of the virus. This study not only presents a detailed description of the yellow fever virus (YFV) sfRNA but, more importantly, describes for the first time the molecular characteristics of the stalling site for XRN1 in the flavivi…

Transgene-mediated suppression of dengue viruses in the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

Controlled sex-, stage- and tissue-specific expression of antipathogen effector molecules is important for genetic engineering strategies to control mosquito-borne diseases. Adult female salivary glands are involved in pathogen transmission to human hosts and are target sites for expression of antipathogen effector molecules. The Aedes aegypti 30K a and 30K b genes are expressed exclusively in adult female salivary glands and are transcribed divergently from start sites separated by 263 nucleotides. The intergenic, 5'- and 3'-end untranslated regions of both genes are sufficient to express sim

NHE8 is an intracellular cation/H+ exchanger in renal tubules of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti.

The goal of this study was to identify and characterize the hypothesized apical cation/H(+) exchanger responsible for K(+) and/or Na(+) secretion in the renal (Malpighian) tubules of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. From Aedes Malpighian tubules, we cloned "AeNHE8," a full-length cDNA encoding an ortholog of mammalian Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 8 (NHE8). The expression of AeNHE8 transcripts is ubiquitous among mosquito tissues and is not enriched in Malpighian tubules. Western blots of Malpighian tubules suggest that AeNHE8 is expressed primarily as an intracellular protein, which was confir…

[Contagiousness of yellow fever in the Netherlands between 1820 and 1825. Medical and sanitary aspects of a polymorphic disease].

Shortly after 1800, the question of the contagiousness of yellow fever was quite a topic. In the Netherlands, as was the case in France, the government feared the introduction of contagious diseases, especially of the yellow fever. This growing fear was prompted by the increasing number of yellow fever appearances in the mediterranean ports of France, Spain and Italy, as well as in some French Atlantic ports. In 1821, Thomassen ai Thuessink (a leading expert on epidemic diseases in the Netherlands), Bernard and Van Stipriaan Luïscius were invited by the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences, Literat…

Yellow fever 17D as a vaccine vector for microbial CTL epitopes: protection in a rodent malaria model.

The yellow fever vaccine 17D (17D) is safe, and after a single immunizing dose, elicits long-lasting, perhaps lifelong protective immunity. One of the major challenges facing delivery of human vaccines in underdeveloped countries is the need for multiple injections to achieve full efficacy. To examine 17D as a vector for microbial T cell epitopes, we inserted the H-2K(d)-restricted CTL epitope of the circumsporozoite protein (CS) of Plasmodium yoelii between 17D nonstructural proteins NS2B and NS3. The recombinant virus, 17D-Py, was replication competent and stable in vitro and in vivo. A sing…

The transmembrane domains of the prM and E proteins of yellow fever virus are endoplasmic reticulum localization signals.

The immature flavivirus particle contains two envelope proteins, prM and E, that are associated as a heterodimer. Virion morphogenesis of the flaviviruses occurs in association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes, suggesting that there should be accumulation of the virion components in this compartment. This also implies that ER localization signals must be present in the flavivirus envelope proteins. In this work, we looked for potential subcellular localization signals in the yellow fever virus envelope proteins. Confocal immunofluorescence analysis of the subcellular localization of t…

Строительство желтой лихорадки/ст. Вирус химерика Луиса и использование чимерас в качестве диагностического инструмента.

Св. Флавивирусы Луиса энцефалита (SLE) и Западного Нила (WN) генетически тесно связаны между собой и сокрушаются в Соединенных Штатах. Тесты на нейтрализацию вирусов обеспечивают наиболее конкретные средства для серодиагностики инфекций с помощью этих вирусов. Однако использование вирусных штаммов диких типов SLE и WN для лабораторных испытаний ограничивается требованиями в отношении биоустойчивости. Мы построили два сильно смягченных желтых химерас вируса лихорадки (YF), в которых содержатся белковые гены премембрана-энвелопе (prM-E) из вирулентной MSI-7 (изоляции в Соединенных Штатах) или ес

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) and West Nile (WN) flaviviruses are genetically closely related and cocirculate in the United States. Virus neu … ory testing is constrained by the biocontainment requirements. We constructed two highly attenuated yellow fever (YF) virus chimeras that contain the premembrane-envelope (prM-E) protein genes from the virulent MSI-7 (isolated in the United States) or the naturally attenuated CorAn9124 (Argentina) SLE strains. The YF/SLE (CorAn version) virus and the previousl …