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Approved and experimental countermeasures against pestiviral diseases: Bovine viral diarrhea, classical swine fever and border disease.

The pestiviruses, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), classical swine fever (CSFV) and border disease virus, are important livestock pathogens in many countries, but current vaccines do not completely prevent the spread of infection. Control of pestiviral diseases is especially difficult due to the constant viremia and viral shedding of persistently infected (PI) animals, which must be identified and eliminated to prevent disease transmission. Existing vaccines are limited by the delay between vaccination and the onset of protection, the difficulty of differentiating serologically between vacc

Marker vaccine strategies and candidate CSFV marker vaccines.

Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically important highly contagious disease of swine worldwide. Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is its etiological agent, and the only natural hosts are domestic pigs and wild boars. Although field CSFV strains vary in the virulence, they all result in serious losses in pig industry. Highly virulent field strains generally cause acute disease and high mortality; moderately virulent field strains raise subacute or chronic infections; postnatal infection by low virulent field strains produces subclinical infection and mortality in the new-born piglets. C…

Evaluation of diagnostic tests for the detection of classical swine fever in the field without a gold standard.

Knowledge of the sensitivity of diagnostic tests for infectious diseases under field conditions can be used to design a surveillance program that increases the effectiveness of the control policy. In this study, the sensitivity of tests for the detection of classical swine fever (CSF) virus (CSFV) under field conditions was estimated without knowledge of the true disease status of the animals tested. During the CSF epidemic of 1997-1998 in The Netherlands, tonsil samples from pigs of CSF suspect farms were collected for laboratory diagnosis of CSE These specimens were tested in a fluorescence

A serological survey of selected pathogens in wild boar in Slovenia.

Serum samples collected from 178 shot wild boars (Sus scrofa) were tested for the presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus, Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus, swine influenza virus, porcine parvovirus (PPV), swine vesicular disease virus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Salmonella spp., Brucella spp. and Haemophilus parasuis (HPS) throughout Slovenia during the hunting season 2003/2004. The number of samples correspond…

Evaluation of Oral Bait Vaccine Efficacy Against Classical Swine Fever in Village Backyard Pig Farms in Bhutan.

Control and eradication of classical swine fever (CSF) in countries with a high proportion of backyard holdings is a challenge. Conventional attenuated Chinese C-strain vaccines, though safe and effective, are difficult to use in backyard farms due to various practical reasons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the CSF oral bait vaccine in village backyard pig farms and to assess the farmers' knowledge on CSF and motivation on using oral vaccines. The pigs were fed the bait by the farmers themselves; one bait was given on day 0, followed by second bait on the next day. Seve

Safety and DIVA Capability of Novel Live Attenuated Classical Swine Fever Marker Vaccine Candidates in Pregnant Sows.

Classical Swine Fever (CSF), a highly contagious viral disease affecting pigs and wild boar, results in significant economic losses in the swine industry. In endemic regions, prophylactic vaccination and stamping-out strategies are used to control CSF outbreaks. However, sporadic outbreaks and persistent infections continue to be reported. Although the conventional attenuated CSF vaccines protect pigs against the disease, they do not allow for the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), limiting their use as an eradication tool. In this study, three targeted attenuation str

Situation of classical swine fever and the epidemiologic and ecologic aspects affecting its distribution in the American continent.

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a viral transboundary animal disease that is highly contagious among domestic and wild pigs, such as boars and peccaries. Today, far from being what was classically described historically, the disease is characterized as having a varied clinical picture, and its diagnosis depends on resorting to proper sample collection and prompt dispatch to a laboratory that can employ several techniques to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Laboratory findings should be complemented with a field analysis of the occurrence of disease to have a better understanding of its epidemiolo

Быстрое опечатывание серотипа 1 в Азии путем обратного транскрипции петли с помощью изотермального усиления.

Для обнаружения серотипа 1 в Азии вирусом ящура (FMDV) в пределах 45 минут при 61°C был быстро использован анализ обратного транскриптазы с помощью изотермальной амплификации (RT-LAMP). Все серотипы FMDV Asia 1 были положительными с помощью RT-LAMP, в то время как другие вирусы, такие, как серотипы FMDV O, C, A и классический вирус свиньи, вирус свинины сосудистых заболеваний, свиной репродуктивный и респираторный синдром и японский энцефалит остаются отрицательными. Кроме того, среотипы FMDV в Азии смогли обнаружить 1 положительный образец с помощью анализа RT-LAMP. Этот анализ RT-LAMP может

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
A reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was rapidly used to detect serotype Asia 1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) within 45 min at 61°C. All FMDV serotype Asia 1 reference strains were positive by RT-LAMP, while other viruses such as FMDV serotypes O, C, A and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease…

Early protection events in swine immunized with an experimental live attenuated classical swine fever marker vaccine, FlagT4G.

Prophylactic vaccination using live attenuated classical swine fever (CSF) vaccines has been a very effective method to control the disease in endemic regions and during outbreaks in previously disease-free areas. These vaccines confer effective protection against the disease at early times post-vaccination although the mechanisms mediating the protection are poorly characterized. Here we present the events occurring after the administration of our in-house developed live attenuated marker vaccine, FlagT4Gv. We previously reported that FlagT4Gv intramuscular (IM) administered conferred effecti

Endemic outbreaks due to the re-emergence of classical swine fever after accidental introduction of modified live LOM vaccine on Jeju Island, South Korea.

After the unintentional vaccination of the LOM vaccine strain in 2014, classical swine fever virus (CSFV) reemerged in naïve pig herds on Jeju Island, South Korea, which had been a CSF-free region with a non-vaccination policy for a decade. Since the re-emergence, endemic outbreaks of CSFV have occurred in the island, causing enormous damage to provincial pig farms. The present study reports the complete genome sequences and molecular characterization of the LOM-derived field CSFV strains responsible for the current outbreaks on Jeju Island. The emergent Jeju LOM-derived isolates shared 98.9%-…

Characterization of lesions caused by a South American virulent isolate ('Quillota') of the hog cholera virus.

In this study, macroscopic and histopathological lesions produced by a virulent South American isolate ('Quillota') of hog cholera virus were studied. The virus was inoculated in doses of 10(5)TCID50 in each of 35 pigs of 20 kg live weight. The animals were slaughtered from 4 to 18 days post-inoculation. The presence of virus antigens in lymphatic tissue was confirmed by both direct immunofluorescence and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase techniques in formalin-embedded tissue samples. Histological sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and Mallory's phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin methods. Th

Immunohistochemical detection of hog cholera virus antigen in paraffin wax-embedded tissues from naturally infected pigs.

In 17 pigs submitted for diagnosis in 1980, hog cholera was confirmed by viral isolation, by a direct immunofluorescent antibody test for viral antigen, and by the presence of characteristic histopathological lesions. In the present study, hog cholera viral antigen was demonstrated in these pigs by immunohistochemical examination of formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissues that had been stored for 18 years. Viral antigen was detected in crypt epithelial cells of the tonsil, collecting tubular epithelial cells of the kidney, bronchial and bronchiolar mucosal and gland cells of the lung, and

[Control of immunity against swine plague by the viral neutralization test on rabbits].

An idea may be got on the properties of the vaccine by applying a specific gamma-globulin against swine fever in pigs, mixed in definite amounts with lapinized K-vaccine and this mixture is injected to rabbits. By studying the mixture of sera from pigs, vaccinated against swine fever prior to a fixed period of time, and the K-vaccine, applied to rabbits, an idea may be obtained on the tension of the immunity and re-vaccination requirements may be assessed.

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

A reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) RNA. The amplification was able to finish in 45 min under isothermal condition at 64°C by employing a set of four primers targeting FMDV 2B. The assay showed higher sensitivity than RT-PCR. No cross reactivity was observed from other RNA viruses including classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Japanese encephalitis virus. Furthermore, the assay correctly detected 84 FMDV positive samples but not …

Negative impact of porcine circovirus type 2 infection on the efficacy of classical swine fever vaccine in a field farm.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) induces wasting and immunosuppression in pigs and is widely transmitted in pig farms worldwide. Classical swine fever (CSF) is a particularly important contagious disease in pigs. In CSF-endemic areas, such as Japan, thorough vaccination is performed, and effective use of the CSF vaccine is important to prevent outbreaks. This study investigated the impact of PCV2 infection on the immune response to CSF vaccines in field farms. The mortality rate of fattening pigs on the farm was investigated, and pig sera were used to measure the PCV2 viral load and neutralizi

Plant-made E2 glycoprotein single-dose vaccine protects pigs against classical swine fever.

Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) causes classical swine fever, a highly contagious hemorrhagic fever affecting both feral and domesticated pigs. Outbreaks of CSF in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America had significant adverse impacts on animal health, food security and the pig industry. The disease is generally contained by prevention of exposure through import restrictions (e.g. banning import of live pigs and pork products), localized vaccination programmes and culling of infected or at-risk animals, often at very high cost. Current CSFV-modified live virus vaccines are protective, but d…

Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of classical swine fever: Recent developments and future challenges.

Classical swine fever (CSF) represents a major health and trade problem for the pig industry. In endemic countries or those with a wild boar reservoir, CSF remains a priority for Veterinary Services. Surveillance as well as stamping out and/or vaccination are the principle tools of prevention and control, depending on the context. In the past decades, marker vaccines and accompanying diagnostic tests allowing the discrimination of infected from vaccinated animals have been developed. In the European Union, an E2 subunit and a chimeric live vaccine have been licensed and are available for the u

Establishment and application of a multiplex PCR for rapid and simultaneous detection of six viruses in swine.

A multiplex PCR assay was developed and evaluated subsequently for its effectiveness in simultaneously detecting mixed viral infections of swine. Specific primers were designed and used for testing the six swine viruses: three DNA viruses, including pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2); three common RNA viruses, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). This technique has shown to be highly sensitive in that the minimum detection amounts of…

First Report of Swinepox in a Wild Boar in Italy: Pathologic and Molecular Findings.

Swinepox virus (SWPV) is responsible for sporadic acute poxvirus infections in swine worldwide, causing a pathognomonic eruptive proliferati … molecular analyses. Possible viral co-infections were also investigated (African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus, parvovirus, circovirus, Aujeszky's disease virus and hepatitis E virus). This article describes gross and histopathologic features of SWPV infection, differential diagnosis, and potential vector-borne transmission to domestic pigs, presenting a bri …

Eleven Years of Health Monitoring in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy).

In recent years, the growth of wild ungulates has increased the focus on their health monitoring. In particular, the health status of wild boars is relevant for the economic impact on the pig industry. The Emilia-Romagna region activated a wildlife monitoring plan to better evaluate the health status of the wild boar population. Between 2011 and 2021, samples of found dead and hunted wild boar have been examined for trichinellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, african swine fever, classical swine fever, Aujeszky's disease, swine vesicular disease, and swine influenza A. Trichinella britovi was i