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A review of emerging flea-borne bacterial pathogens in New Zealand.

Recent studies have shown that Rickettsia typhi, R. felis, Bartonella henselae, and B. clarridgeiae occur in New Zealand. To raise awareness of these emerging and re-emerging flea-borne bacterial pathogens among New Zealand health workers, we review the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of infections, and the biology of the major flea vectors.

Seroprevalence of arthropod-borne bacterial infections in homeless individuals in Hamburg in 2020.

PURPOSE: The number of homeless people in Germany is steadily increasing. Due to their often precarious living conditions, this specific pop … as drawn between May and June 2020. Blood samples were analyzed for antibodies against rickettsiae (Rickettsia typhi and R. conorii), Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis and bartonellae. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A very low seroprevalence of R. typhi and F. tularensis infection was found (0-1%), while antibodies against R. conorii and C. burnetii were more co …

Genotypic identification of murine typhus Rickettsia in rats and their fleas in an endemic area of Greece by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Forty-nine cases of murine typhus were diagnosed in recent years in residents of several communities around the city of Chalkis, the capital of the Prefecture of Evia. (Euboea) Evia is an island connected to central mainland Greece by a bridge. To investigate the endemicity of murine typhus in this area, 226 fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) and blood samples were collected from 53 rats (Rattus norvegicus) trapped in this area. The polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) was used to detect and identify Rickettsia typhi, the etiologic agent mu…

Наблюдение за Фли-Борном Тифусом в Калифорнии, 2011 - 2019 годы.

Плоский тиф (FBT), также называемый тиром-мурином, является острым фебриальным заболеванием у человека, вызванным бактериями Рикитсия-тахи. В настоящее время в ряде штатов США сообщается о случаях ФБТ для целей общественного здравоохранения (т.е. для выявления случаев и вспышек). В Калифорнии медицинские работники и испытательные лаборатории обязаны сообщать своим соответствующим местным органам здравоохранения о всех случаях обнаружения у пациента Р. тифа или антитела, реагирующего на Р. тиф, которые затем сообщают о таких случаях в государственный департамент здравоохранения. В этом исследов

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Flea-borne typhus (FBT), also referred to as murine typhus, is an acute febrile disease in humans caused by the bacteria Rickettsia typhi. Currently, cases of FBT are reported for public health surveillance purposes (i.e., to detect incidence and outbreaks) in a few U.S. states. In California, healthcare providers and testing laboratories are mandated to rep…

Selection of Diagnostic Cutoffs for Murine Typhus IgM and IgG Immunofluorescence Assay: A Systematic Review.

Murine typhus is a neglected but widespread infectious disease that results in acute fever. The immunofluorescence assay (IFA) is the "gold standard" to identify IgM or IgG antibodies, although there is a lack of standardization in methodologies. The objective of this review is to summarize 1) the differences in published methodologies, 2) the diagnostic cutoff titers, and 3) the justification of diagnostic cutoffs. Searches were performed by combining the following search terms: "murine typhus," "rickettsia typhi," "immunofluorescence," "IFA," and "serologic" with restrictions (i.e., "rickett…

Rickettsioses in Australia.

The rickettsial diseases of Australia are described in their chronological order of discovery. The include epidemic typhus (R. prowazekii); murine typhus (R. typhi) found Australia-wide; scrub typhus (O. tsutsugamushi) only in tropical, northen Australia; Q. fever (C. burnetti) found Australia-wide; Queensland tick typhus (R. australis) along the east coast of Australia; Flinders Island spotted fever (R. honei) in southeast Australia; Variant Flinders Island spotted fever (R. honei, strain "marmionii") in eastern Australia; Rickettsia felis, Western Australia; eight new RFG rickettsiae from ti

Development of a duplex real-time PCR for the detection of Rickettsia spp. and typhus group rickettsia in clinical samples.

Molecular diagnosis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may allow earlier diagnosis of rickettsiosis. We developed a duplex real-time PCR that amplifies (1) DNA of any rickettsial species and (2) DNA of both typhus group rickettsia, that is, Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia typhi. Primers and probes were selected to amplify a segment of the 16S rRNA gene of Rickettsia spp. for the pan-rickettsial PCR and the citrate synthase gene (gltA) for the typhus group rickettsia PCR. Analytical sensitivity was 10 copies of control plasmid DNA per reaction. No cross-amplification was obser…

Rickettsiosis in Europe.

In Europe, rickettsioses are long-known infectious diseases. Until recently, it was thought that Mediterranean spotted fever due to Rickettsia conorii was the only tick-borne rickettsiosis in Europe. In the last decade new Rickettsia spp. have been implicated in human pathology (R. slovaca, R. sibirica mongolotimonae, R. helvetica). Furthermore, cases of infection due to flea-borne rickettsioses (R. typhi, R. felis) have been described. Finally, although no outbreak of epidemic typhus has been reported yet in central and southern Europe, we should be aware of the possibility of reemergence of

Immunoblot cross-reactions among Rickettsia, Proteus spp. and Legionella spp. in patients with Mediterranean spotted fever.

Sera from patients suffering from Mediterranean spotted fever (i.e. an infection due to Rickettsia conorii) were studied by immunoblot to investigate cross-reactivity. A prevalence of IgM antibodies to Proteus OX 19, Proteus OX 2, to the Rickettsia typhus group, to Legionella pneumophila serovars 4 and 5, to L. bozemanii Wiga and to L. micdadei Tatlock was found. Western blot confirmed that the antibodies were directed against the lipopolysaccharide as demonstrated by proteinase K digestion of the antigens. Cross-adsorptions showed that there is a common cross-reacting epitope among L. bozeman

Rickettsioses in sub-Saharan Africa.

Although rickettsioses are among the oldest known vector-borne zoonoses, several species or subspecies of rickettsias have been identified in recent years as emerging pathogens throughout the world including in sub-Saharan Africa. To date, six tick-borne spotted fever group pathogenic rickettsias are known to occur in sub-Saharan Africa, including Rickettsia conorii conorii, the agent of Mediterranean spotted fever; R. conorii caspia, the agent of Astrakhan fever; R. africae, the agent of African tick-bite fever; R. aeschlimannii; R. sibirica mongolitimonae; and R. massiliae. On the other hand

Investigation of multiple infections with zoonotic pathogens of rodents in northern Vietnam.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Rodents are important reservoir hosts for several zoonotic pathogens such as Rickettsia, Leptospira and Bartonella. … 1.6%) positive for Bartonella and 33 of 133 (24.8%) positive for Rickettsia (5.3% were positive for Rickettsia typhi, and 19.5% were infected with Rickettsia spotted fever group). Additionally, 24 rodents (18%) were positive for Leptospira. Double infection among these three pathogens was found in 26 of 133 rodents (18.8%), with the highest dual infection rates fo …

Nationwide Seroprevalence of Scrub Typhus, Typhus, and Spotted Fever in Young Thai Men.

Scrub typhus group (STG), typhus group (TG), and spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae are pathogens distributed worldwide and are important … xposure distribution in the Thai population. IgG seroprevalence of STG, Orientia tsutsugamushi; TG, Rickettsia typhi; and SFG, R. rickettsii was 12.4%, 6.8%, and 3.3% in 2007-2008 and 31.8%, 4.2%, and 4.5% in 2012, respectively. The STG had the highest seroprevalence of Rickettsia assessed, with the highest regional seroprevalence found in southern Thailand. The S …

Transmission of flea-borne zoonotic agents.

Flea-borne zoonoses such as plague (Yersinia pestis) and murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) caused significant numbers of human cases in the past and remain a public health concern. Other flea-borne human pathogens have emerged recently (e.g., Bartonella henselae, Rickettsia felis), and their mechanisms of transmission and impact on human health are not fully understood. Our review focuses on the ecology and epidemiology of the flea-borne bacterial zoonoses mentioned above with an emphasis on recent advancements in our understanding of how these organisms are transmitted by fleas, maintained in …

Spotted fever and murine typhus in the Negev desert region of Israel, 1981.

During 1981, 52 cases of rickettsiosis caused by the spotted fever group of rickettsiae were reported in a population of 250 000 living in the Negev desert region of Israel. Retrospectively, at least 5 of these cases were serologically shown to have been caused by Rickettsia typhi, the agent of murine typhus. Most cases of rickettsial disease occurred in the summer months and one half of all cases occurred in children aged 9 years or less. While the specificity of a physician's diagnosis of the rickettsial diseases appears to be high (i.e., few cases of other diseases are misdiagnosed as eithe…

Murine typhus in a pregnant woman.

BACKGROUND: Murine typhus is a flea-borne disease caused by Rickettsia typhi. Although uncommon in most of the United States, it is endemic in Southern California. Most cases are unrecognized given its nonspecific viral symptoms and rare complications. CASE: A pregnant patient presented with complaints of fever and chills. Physical examination was benign. Laboratory abnormalities included elevated transaminases, proteinuria, and thrombocytopenia. The patient gave a history of exposure to cats and opossums in an area endemic for murine typhus. After empiric treatment with azithromycin, her cli…

Myositis in a child with murine typhus.

A 12-year-old boy presented with fever, lower extremity pain and weakness. Examination revealed paraparesis, thigh and calf tenderness. Labs showed high creatinine phosphokinase and Rickettsia typhi titers. This case illustrates endemic typhus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of myositis especially in areas with high prevalence of the disease. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of myositis and paraparesis associated with a case of murine typhus.

Murine Typhus Mimicking Kawasaki Disease in a Preadolescent Girl.

We report the case of an 11-year-old preadolescent girl presenting with prolonged fever, lymphadenitis, nonpurulent conjunctivitis, a generalized maculopapular rash, erythematous lips and edema of hands/feet. Although major diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease were met, local epidemiologic data suggested a possible vector-borne etiology. Treatment with doxycycline was initiated, and defervescence occurred. Laboratory investigation confirmed the diagnosis of Rickettsia typhi infection.

Emergence of murine typhus in La Réunion, France, 2012-2017.

OBJECTIVE: Murine typhus (MT) is an acute zoonosis caused by Rickettsia typhi, a flea-borne rickettsiosis. The first autochthonous case was reported in 2012. Once autochthonous transmission of Rickettsia typhi was proven, we performed a prospective study to describe and raise awareness of this often-misdiagnosed disease among physicians. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective observational study of MT cases in La Réunion from 2012 to 2017. MT cases were defined as clinically compatible illnesses with a specific positive serology and/or PCR. RESULTS: Sixty-one confirmed cases were c…