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Review: Sentinels of tick-borne encephalitis risk.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral zoonotic disease endemic in many regions of Eurasia. The definition of TBE risk areas is complicated by the focal nature of the TBE virus transmission. Furthermore, vaccination may reduce case numbers and thus mask infection risk to unvaccinated persons. Therefore, additional risk indicators are sought to complement the current risk assessment solely based on human incidence. We reviewed studies published over the past ten years investigating potential new sentinels of TBE risk to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the various sentinel anima

Serological investigations of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) in Styria. 2. Report.

From 1975 to 1982 investigations of 64 hedgehogs for anthropozoonoses and infectious diseases were carried out in all regions of Styria, Austria. The serological investigations revealed positive results against rickettsiosis, (Q-fever and RMSF-groups antigen), (ornithosis, toxoplasmosis, listeriosis, against adenoviruses and herpesvirus). Other studies by NOSEK et al. (1967); TROGER et al. (1976); KAASERER et al. (1976) and STUNZNER et al. (1976) report on the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) as indicator for the distribution of infectious diseases. The present study should help to clarify this

Environmental circulation of multiple avian influenza subtypes and potential association with human infections in central China.

INTRODUCTION: Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) continue to circulate in live poultry markets (LPMs), posing potential risks for zoonotic exposure. This study investigated the environmental circulation of AIVs and their potential epidemiological associations with human infection in Henan Province, China. METHODS: We analyzed 7,956 environmental samples collected from poultry-associated settings in Henan Province between 2020 and 2025. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with AIV detection. Serological surveillance was conducted among occupationally exposed i

Emerging threats of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b: cross-species transmission, pathogenesis, and pandemic risk.

H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) with zoonotic potential, posing a significant risk to animal health, agriculture, and human public health. A particular strain, clade 2.3.4.4b, has spread globally and has been detected in various mammalian species-including cattle and a limited number of human cases-highlighting its potential to spark a pandemic. Investigating this specific clade represents a crucial step toward the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This mini-review aims to outline the etiology and pathophysiological mechanisms driving the

From People to Panthera: Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Tigers and Lions at the Bronx Zoo.

Despite numerous barriers to transmission, zoonoses are the major cause of emerging infectious diseases in humans. Among these, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and ebolaviruses have killed thousands; the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has killed millions. Zoonoses and human-to-animal cross-species transmission are driven by human actions and have important management, conservation, and public health implications. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which presumably originated from an animal reservoir, has killed more than half a million peopl

Lyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies.

Lyssaviruses cause the disease rabies, which is a fatal encephalitic disease resulting in approximately 59,000 human deaths annually. The prototype species, rabies lyssavirus, is the most prevalent of all lyssaviruses and poses the greatest public health threat. In Africa, six confirmed and one putative species of lyssavirus have been identified. Rabies lyssavirus remains endemic throughout mainland Africa, where the domestic dog is the primary reservoir - resulting in the highest per capita death rate from rabies globally. Rabies is typically transmitted through the injection of virus-laden s

Coronavirus diversity and SARS-CoV-2 exposure at the wildlife-human interface in Northern Italy.

BACKGROUND: Members of the Coronaviridae family infect humans as well as domestic and wild animals. Over the past three decades, three members of this family, all with zoonotic origins, have caused significant epidemics or pandemics (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19). Despite the spread of SARS-CoV-2 being primarily driven by human-to-human transmission, various animal species are susceptible to infection and may contribute to viral circulation. Aim of this work was to monitor coronavirus (CoV) infections in wild mammals in the Emilia-Romagna region (RER), Italy, using a combined approach of molecular

Immune response during hantavirus diseases: implications for immunotherapies and vaccine design.

Orthohantaviruses, previously named hantaviruses, cause two emerging zoonotic diseases: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. Overall, over 200 000 cases are registered every year worldwide, with a fatality rate ranging between 0·1% and 15% for HFRS and between 20% and 40% for HCPS. No specific treatment or vaccines have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat or prevent hantavirus-caused syndromes. Currently, little is known about the mechanisms at the basis of hantavirus-induced d

Ocular manifestations of emerging viral diseases.

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are an increasing threat to public health on a global scale. In recent times, the most prominent outbreaks have constituted RNA viruses, spreading via droplets (COVID-19 and Influenza A H1N1), directly between humans (Ebola and Marburg), via arthropod vectors (Dengue, Zika, West Nile, Chikungunya, Crimean Congo) and zoonotically (Lassa fever, Nipah, Rift Valley fever, Hantaviruses). However, specific approved antiviral therapies and vaccine availability are scarce, and public health measures remain critical. Patients can present with a spectrum of ocular man

Жар в долине Рифт: имитационная модель динамики передачи из открытых источников.

Жар в долине Рифт (RVF) является одним из крупнейших вирусных зоонозов в Африке, затрагивающих людей и несколько видов домашнего скота. Эпидемии в восточной части Африки происходят в течение 5-15 лет, что совпадает с анормально высоким уровнем осадков, обычно связанным с теплым этапом явления Эль-Ниньо. Однако недавно были собраны доказательства межэпидемической передачи. Для моделирования динамики трансмиссии RVF была создана легкодоступная, доступная и изменяемая модель с открытым исходным кодом. Модель была откалибрована с использованием данных, собранных в Киломберо-Вэлли в Танзании, с люд

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is one of the major viral zoonoses in Africa, affecting humans and several domestic animal species. The epidemics in eastern Africa occur in a 5-15 year cycle coinciding with abnormally high rainfall generally associated to the warm phase of the El Niño event. However, recently, evidence has been gathered of inter-epidemic transmissio…

Nervous System Infections and the Global Traveler.

Neurological complications of infectious diseases are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. It is imperative that neurologists be up-to-date on current developments including typical and atypical presentations of neurological infections in travelers, diagnostic and treatment recommendations, and emerging pathogen resistance patterns to avoid fatal outcomes and long-term sequelae. This article will address concepts of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, and will provide updates on the neurological manifestations of select emerging and reemerging infections, including E

Development and Assessment of a Geographic Knowledge-Based Model for Mapping Suitable Areas for Rift Valley Fever Transmission in Eastern Africa.

Rift Valley fever (RVF), a mosquito-borne disease affecting ruminants and humans, is one of the most important viral zoonoses in Africa. The objective of the present study was to develop a geographic knowledge-based method to map the areas suitable for RVF amplification and RVF spread in four East African countries, namely, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Ethiopia, and to assess the predictive accuracy of the model using livestock outbreak data from Kenya and Tanzania. Risk factors and their relative importance regarding RVF amplification and spread were identified from a literature review. A nume…

[Conventional and alternative housing systems for poultry--point of view of infectious disease medicine].

The use of conventional battery cages for hens will be prohibited in Germany in 2007. Only few studies, however, have considered the differences between battery cages and alternative systems with regard to infectious diseases. The existing gaps in the current knowledge need to be closed by research and measures must be developed that will prevent the spread of viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections in alternative poultry housing systems. With regard to virus infections, avian influenza requires particular attention. Since wild birds, particularly anseriformes, represent a reservoir for avi

Molecular Analysis of the Avian H7 Influenza Viruses Circulating in South Korea during 2018-2019: Evolutionary Significance and Associated Zoonotic Threats.

Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5 and H7, possessing the ability to mutate spontaneously from low pathogenic (LP) to highly pathogenic (HP) variants, are major concerns for enormous socio-economic losses in the poultry industry, as well as for fatal human infections. Through antigenic drift and shift, genetic reassortments of the genotypes pose serious threats of increased virulence and pathogenicity leading to potential pandemics. In this study, we isolated the H7-subtype AIVs circulating in the Republic of Korea during 2018-2019, and perform detailed molecular analysis to study their c

Vaccines to Emerging Viruses: Nipah and Hendra.

Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are bat-borne zoonotic para-myxoviruses identified in the mid- to late 1990s in outbreaks of severe disease in livestock and people in Australia and Malaysia, respectively. HeV repeatedly re-emerges in Australia while NiV continues to cause outbreaks in South Asia (Bangladesh and India), and these viruses have remained transboundary threats. In people and several mammalian species, HeV and NiV infections present as a severe systemic and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease. NiV stands out as a potential pandemic threat because of its associ

Human Herpesvirus 1 Associated with Epizootics in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Human activity in sylvatic environments and resulting contact with wildlife, such as non-human primates (NHPs), can lead to pathogen spillover or spillback. Both NHPs and humans host a variety of herpesviruses. While these viruses typically cause asymptomatic infections in their natural hosts, they can lead to severe disease or even death when they move into novel hosts. In early 2024, deaths of Callithrix penicillata, the black-tufted marmoset, were reported in an urban park in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The epizootic was investigated in collaboration with CETAS/IBAMA and the Zoono

Retrospective phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus G and N genes from Serbia.

Rabies is a viral disease of the central nervous system of all warm-blooded animals and one of the oldest and most important zoonoses. In the Republic of Serbia, rabies is controlled by compulsory vaccination of dogs and cats and oral vaccination of wild carnivores, which has been implemented since 2010. In the period 2009-2018, 367 rabies cases were recorded. The last rabies case in Serbia was recorded in 2018 in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes), while the last case in dogs was diagnosed in 2011. This study aimed to perform a retrospective phylogenetic analysis of G and N genes of the rabies virus f

:: применение подхода, предусматривающего участие населения в эпидемиологической деятельности и < < Единое здоровье > > , в целях изучения возможностей общин в области выявления возникающих зоонозов и создания сетей наблюдения в лесном регионе Гвинеи.

Эпидемия вируса Эбола, угрожающая Западной Африке в период с 2013 по 2016 год, имела беспрецедентные масштабы в области здравоохранения. После этого кризиса в области здравоохранения в исследованиях подчеркивалась необходимость внедрения систем надзора на уровне общин и применения подхода " Единое здоровье " . Цель этого исследования состояла в том, чтобы подготовиться к определению системы общинного наблюдения за возникающими зоонозами, такими, как вирусная геморрагическая лихорадка в Гвинее. Цель заключалась в изучении возможностей выявления заболеваний и создания сети наблюдения н