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A novel flavivirus strain detected in phlebotomine sandflies in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Aim Phlebotominae sandflies are primary vectors of phleboviruses, causing the sandfly fever disease. The aim of this study was to detect and … wed a maximum of 70-80% identity in 70-88% (110-137 nucleotides) of the query coverage with several Anopheles, Sabethes, Calbertado and Culex flaviviruses. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that the new flavivirus Drežnica clusters together with the flavivirus isolated from Culiseta annulata mosquitos. Conclusion We report the presence of flav …

Population dynamics of mosquito species in a West Nile virus endemic area in Madagascar.

Human and animal serological surveys suggest that West Nile virus (WNV) circulation is widely distributed in Madagascar. However, there are … mosquito vectors in Morafeno. WNV RNA was detected in one pool of Ae. madagascarica and one pool of Anopheles (Cellia) pauliani Grjebine, suggesting that these two species may be involved in the maintenance and/or transmission of WNV in Madagascar.

Complement receptor 1 and malaria.

Plasmodium falciparum malaria is an intracellular parasite that is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. It is responsible for approximately 1 million deaths per year. Most deaths occur as a result of complications such as severe anaemia or cerebral malaria (coma). The complement receptor 1 is a key complement regulator found on the surface of red cells and most leucocytes. A growing body of evidence suggests that this molecule plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of P. falciparum malaria. Initial reports showed that CR1 enables the binding of infected red cells to uninfected red cells to …

Annotation and expression profiling of apoptosis-related genes in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

Apoptosis has been extensively studied in Drosophila by both biochemical and genetic approaches, but there is a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of apoptosis regulation in other insects. In mosquitoes, apoptosis occurs during Plasmodium and arbovirus infection in the midgut, suggesting that apoptosis plays a role in mosquito innate immunity. We searched the Aedes aegypti genome for apoptosis-related genes using Drosophila and Anopheles gambiae protein sequences as queries. In this study we have identified eleven caspases, three inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, a previously unreport…

Mosquito surveys carried out on Green Island, Orchid Island, and Penghu Island, Taiwan, in 2003.

Field surveys of mosquitoes were carried out on Green, Orchid, and Penghu Islands in 2003 to ascertain the status of mosquito vectors. Eighteen species of mosquitoes were collected, including three species of Anopheles, four species of Aedes, eight species of Culex, two species of Armigeres, and one species of Malaya. Seventeen previously recorded species were not collected in this study but 11 species collected had not previously been recorded. Ten newly recorded species, An. maculatus, An. takasagoensis, Ae. alcasidi, Ae. lineatopennis, Ae. vexans vexans, Ar. omissus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. halifa…

Fever of unknown origin.

This is a case study of a 26-year-old Hispanic male who presented with an initial complaint of fevers, chills and generalized weakness for t … rs to certain areas of the world, primarily developing nations. Transmitted through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito, malaria usually presents with fever and a vague systemic illness. The disease is diagnosed by demonstration of Plasmodium organisms on a specially prepared blood film. This case study speaks to the importance of prompt work up and treatmen …

[Limits of impregnated bednets for malaria control in tropical Africa].

There is no direct relationship between malaria transmission intensity and the burden of the disease. Due to acquired immunity there is litt … a mortality. Even if impregnation by insecticides improves bednet efficiency the vector capacity of Anopheles gambiae, An. arabiensis and An. funestus is too high for impregnated bednets to be an efficient means of malaria control in most rural areas of tropical Africa. The reduction of malaria mortality observed during several pilot projects is probably a …

[Entomological study on the malaria transmission in coastal and lagoon areas: the case of a village built on a brackish lake].

In a longitudinal study we have observed the fluctuation in density of two Anopheles populations responsible for malaria transmission in a village built on a brackish lake. The two A. gambiae complex species are A. melas and A. gambiae s.s. The former is the most abundant (88%). The brackish lake ecosystem gives to both species possibilities of adaptation. The salt water species of the A. gambiae complex, A. melas, was found to be tolerant to waters with very low salinity. On the other hand, A. gambiae s.s. was found to support relatively high salinity rates. Both specimens live together the w…

The mini chamber test: a novel bioassay for bioefficacy testing of chlorfenapyr treated nets used in malaria control.

Dual-active-ingredient insecticide-treated nets (Dual-AI ITNs) combining pyrethroids with chlorfenapyr are increasingly being deployed across malaria-endemic areas. Laboratory evaluation of chlorfenapyr ITNs is challenging due to chlorfenapyr's requirement for metabolic activation. Inspired by the tunnel test, the mini chamber test is smaller, has higher throughput, and is animal-free. We optimised the primary parameters using pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant mosquito strains exposed to new pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr ITNs versus controls. With parameters defined, we used a draft standard ope

The persistent threat of malaria in Bishoftu Town: twelve-year trends and their implications for Addis Ababa.

Bishoftu town, located about 40 km from the largely malaria-free Addis Ababa, remains malaria-endemic. Factors that possibly heighten exposure risk include abundant water bodies, increased visitors during events such as the Irreechaa festival, climate change, and changing land-use around the town. Frequent travel and strong interconnections raise concerns about spillover to Addis Ababa via infected people or mosquitoes. The potential spread of the invasive urban vector Anopheles stephensi is an additional concern, although there is currently little evidence of its introduction in Bishoftu. Fut…

Field evaluation of 3-(N-acetyl-n-butyl) aminopropionic acid ethyl ester - IR3535 as a spatial repellent to control malaria: A Randomised, Before-After-Control-Intervention trial.

BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. Increasing mosquito resistance to insecticides can signif … n the repellent and control groups. RESULTS: A total of 5716 mosquitoes were collected, 57.2% were Anopheles and 42.7% were Culex sp.. An. funestus s.l. females, were the most prevalent mosquito both indoor (92.7%) and outdoor (82.5%), followed by An. gambiae and An. tenebrosus. The total number of An. funestus s.l. females was lower in the repellent group …

Know your enemy: understanding mosquito biology to advance malaria elimination in Africa.

Over a century has passed since the discovery that the female anopheline mosquito is a vector of malaria, prompting extensive efforts to combat the disease. Vector control remains the primary malaria prevention strategy, accounting for a remarkable 65% reduction in malaria cases between 2000 and 2015. A thorough understanding of the fundamental biology of malaria vectors is essential for national malaria control programmes, governments, and local communities to implement sustainable and effective vector control measures. This article explores the key aspects of mosquito biology, such as adult

The BiteBarrier transfluthrin emanator demonstrates significant protection against susceptible and resistant malaria and arbovirus vectors in semi-field trials in Tanzania.

Controlling mosquito-borne diseases is becoming increasingly challenging due to factors such as insecticide resistance and shifts in mosquit … ing rate and feeding success methods across five mosquito species, including pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Aedes aegypti; An. gambiae s.s. with knock down resistance (KDR); and pyrethroid resistant An. funestus and Culex quinquefasciatus with upregulation of mixed function oxidases. The results show that the feeding endpo …

Genetic signatures of  Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Surface Protein during malaria resurgence in Thailand.

The Plasmodium circumsporozoite surface protein (CSP) is the best characterized pre-erythrocytic vaccine target for malaria. It is a multifu … as the most common, accounting for half of all VK210 sequences, and in membrane feeding assays with Anopheles dirus, appeared to produce more salivary-gland sporozoites per oocyst than other haplotypes, suggesting that repeat-region variation may modulate vector competence. Together, these findings report contemporary pvcsp diversity in Thailand's highest t …

Computational evaluation of indole alkaloids as inhibitors of 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase in malaria vector control.

The enzyme 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase (3-HKT) is critical for the production of xanthurenic acid, a key metabolite required for Plasmodium falciparum gametogenesis in Anopheles mosquitoes. Recognizing the importance of disrupting this pathway, the study explores the potential of indole alkaloids as inhibitors of 3-HKT, leveraging their natural insecticidal properties. Computational methods, including virtual screening, molecular dynamics, and MMPBSA analyses, were applied to evaluate the binding affinity and stability of indole alkaloids. Virtual screening results revealed spiroindolone …

The attrition, physical and insecticidal durability of two dual active ingredient nets (Interceptor® G2 and Royal Guard®) in Benin, West Africa: results from a durability study embedded in a cluster randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Studies evaluating the attrition, physical and insecticidal durability of dual active ingredient (AI) insecticide-treated nets ( … vity in laboratory bioassays. Alpha-cypermethrin bioefficacy was investigated using the susceptible Anopheles gambiae Kisumu strain, and chlorfenapyr and pyriproxyfen bioefficacy were investigated using the pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles coluzzii Akron strain. Net pieces were tested in WHO cone bioassays and tunnel tests for alpha-cypermethrin and in tunnel …

Effect of spatiotemporal variables on abundance, biting activity and parity of Nyssorhynchus darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) in peri-Iquitos, Peru.

BACKGROUND: In malaria endemic regions of the Peruvian Amazon, rainfall together with river level and breeding site availability drive fluctuating vector mosquito abundance and human malaria cases, leading to temporal heterogeneity. The main variables influencing spatial transmission include location of communities, mosquito behaviour, land use/land cover, and human ecology/behaviour. The main objective was to evaluate seasonal and microgeographic biting behaviour of the malaria vector Nyssorhynchus (or Anopheles) darlingi in Amazonian Peru and to investigate effects of seasonality on malaria …

Physical and insecticidal durability of Interceptor®, Interceptor® G2, and PermaNet® 3.0 insecticide-treated nets in Burkina Faso: results of durability monitoring in three sites from 2019 to 2022.

BACKGROUND: National Malaria Programmes (NMPs) monitor the durability of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) to inform procurement and replacement decisions. This is crucial for new dual active ingredients (AI) ITNs, for which less data is available. Pyrethroid-only ITN (Interceptor®) and dual AI (Interceptor® G2, and PermaNet® 3.0) ITNs were assessed across three health districts over 36 months in southern Burkina Faso to estimate median ITN survival, insecticidal efficacy, and to identify factors contributing to field ITN longevity. METHODS: Durability was monitored through a prospective study

Yeast encapsulation of photosensitive insecticides increases toxicity against mosquito larvae while protecting microorganisms.

An important defense against the deadly diseases that mosquitoes transmit is the application of insecticides that reduce mosquito population … wn as yeast encapsulation. Using the PSIs, curcumin and methylene blue, we measured the survival of Anopheles gambiae larvae and Escherichia coli following exposure to either non-encapsulated or yeast-encapsulated PSIs and a photoperiod. Yeast encapsulation increased the phototoxicity of both curcumin and methylene blue against mosquito larvae, likely by in …

Передача, регулирующая иммунные гены: потенциальная стратегия борьбы с трансмиссивными заболеваниями.

ЦЕЛИ: Ежегодно от трансмиссийных заболеваний умирает более 1 млн. человек, что составляет более 17% всех инфекционных заболеваний. Основное внимание в этом исследовании было уделено подробному анализу истории эволюции и экспрессии иммунных генов, одной из ключевых генных семей в иммунной системе векторов, которые играют определенную роль в регулировании и взаимодействии паразитов в трансмиссивных организмах, особенно комаров, которые передают малярию и денге, два наиболее серьезных трансмиссивных заболевания.МЕТОДЫ: Потенциальность переносчиков и участие генов ТЛР в взаимодействии переносчиков

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: More than 1 million people die every year from vector-borne diseases, which constitute more than 17% of all infectiou … ound to be comparatively lower in the TolllA gene than in the NOS immune gene in the malaria vector Anopheles minimus population samples which supports the hypothesis of positive selection in recent evolutionary time scale in malaria vectors. This is one of the novel strategies to identify transmission-regulating genetic traits that control vector-parasite …