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Анализ гендерных и гендерных различий в мозге человека во время развития и болезней.

Различия по признаку пола и пола в мозге человека представляют интерес для общества и науки, поскольку они оказывают воздействие на многочисленные процессы, включая развитие мозга, поведение и болезни. Собирая общедоступные данные об одноклеточном возрасте от внутренностей до пожилого возраста в здоровом, болезни Альцгеймера и множественных пробах склероза, мы выявили и охарактеризовали гены, покрытые SG. ten Типы клеток мозга 9 возрастные группы и группы болезней. В стенограмме на протяжении всей жизни и во всех типах клеток имелись различия по признаку пола и пола. Несмотря на ограниченное с

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… In the brain, testosterone can be converted by aromatase into estradiol, acting on estrogen response elements (EREs), or by 5-reductase into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), acting on androgen response elements (AREs). …

The Relationship Between Obesity and Cancer: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and the Effect of Obesity Treatment on Cancer.

There is growing evidence relating to the risk of cancer in people with obesity. Obesity is already established as one of the strongest predisposing factors to cancer, and 'obesity-related' cancers have been defined in previous studies. In this review article, we examine the epidemiological relationship and describe the potential pathophysiological mechanisms that underpin the association between obesity and cancer. These include hormonal and growth factors that are in abundance in persons living with obesity and thereby increase cancer risk. Additionally, the increased disposition towards chr

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… Oestrogen, through oestrogen receptors (ERs), and testosterone (along with its more potent derivative, dihydrotestosterone), via androgen receptors (ARs), exert their tumorigenic effects through the activation of key signalling pathways [ 23 , 24 ]. …

Androgen Receptor-CaMKK2 Axis in Prostate Cancer and Bone Microenvironment.

The skeletal system is of paramount importance in advanced stage prostate cancer (PCa) as it is the preferred site of metastasis. Complex mechanisms are employed sequentially by PCa cells to home to and colonize the bone. Bone-resident PCa cells then recruit osteoblasts (OBs), osteoclasts (OCs), and macrophages within the niche into entities that promote cancer cell growth and survival. Since PCa is heavily reliant on androgens for growth and survival, androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard of care for advanced disease. Although it significantly improves survival rates, ADT detrime

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… Testosterone diffuses into the prostate epithelial cells where it is converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5α-reductase ( 47 , 48 ). DHT binds to AR, a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family of transcription factors. …

Novel Combinatorial Approaches to Tackle the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment of Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second-most common cancer in men worldwide and treatment options for patients with advanced or aggressive prostate cancer or recurrent disease continue to be of limited success and are rarely curative. Despite immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) efficacy in some melanoma, lung, kidney and breast cancers, immunotherapy efforts have been remarkably unsuccessful in PCa. One hypothesis behind this lack of efficacy is the generation of a distinctly immunosuppressive prostate tumor microenvironment (TME) by regulatory T cells, MDSCs, and type 2 macrophages which have been i

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… Anti-androgens work by inhibiting the interaction between dihydrotestosterone (DHT; a derivative of testosterone that is formed in the prostate gland) and the AR; one such antiandrogen is enzalutamide. … transretinoic acid CAB | Combined androgen blockade CAF | Cancer-associated fibroblast CREB | cAMP response element-binding protein CRPC | Castration-resistant prostate cancer CTL | Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte DAMPs | Danger-associated molecular patterns DC | Dendritic cell DHEA | Dehydroepiandrosterone DHT | Dihydrotestosterone …

Dermatologic conditions in women receiving systemic cancer therapy.

As advances in cancer therapies have improved cancer-related survival, novel therapeutics have also introduced a variety of dermatologic toxicities, and an increased number of patients are living with these sequalae. Women with cancer in particular experience a spectrum of dermatologic conditions that affect their skin, hair, nail, and mucosal surfaces. Studies have shown that these toxic effects can significantly affect quality of life and alter a woman's self-image, cultural identity, femininity, sexuality, and mental health. In severe instances, dermatologic toxicities may even disrupt canc

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… In androgenetic alopecia, increased dihydrotestosterone concentration in the hair follicle has been implicated in the shortening of the anagen phase of hair growth, eventually leading to follicular miniaturization ( Olsen et al., 2005 ). … Similarly, aromatase inhibitors block the conversion of peripheral androgens into estrogen, thereby increasing the amount of androgen available for conversion into dihydrotestosterone ( Rossi et al., 2013 ). …

Biology and Diseases of Dogs

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Role of Polymorphisms of NKG2D Receptor and Its Ligands in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Human Stem Cell Transplantation.

Natural killer cells possess key regulatory function in various malignant diseases, including acute myeloid leukemia. NK cell activity is driven by signals received through ligands binding activating or inhibitory receptors. Their activity towards elimination of transformed or virally infected cells can be mediated through MICA, MICB and ULBP ligands binding the activating receptor NKG2D. Given the efficiency of NK cells, potential target cells developed multiple protecting mechanisms to overcome NK cells killing on various levels of biogenesis of NKG2D ligands. Targeted cells can degrade liga

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… Expression of the disintegrin metalloprotease, ADAM-10, in prostate cancer and its regulation by dihydrotestosterone, insulin-like growth factor I, and epidermal growth factor in the prostate cancer cell model LNCaP . …

Painful boney metastases.

Boney metastasis may lead to terrible suffering from debilitating pain. The most likely malignancies that spread to bone are prostate, breast, and lung. Painful osseous metastases are typically associated with multiple episodes of breakthrough pain which may occur with activities of daily living, weight bearing, lifting, coughing, and sneezing. Almost half of these breakthrough pain episodes are rapid in onset and short in duration and 44% of episodes are unpredictable. Treatment strategies include: analgesic approaches with "triple opioid therapy", bisphosphonates, chemotherapeutic agents, ho

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… III clinical trials, TOK-001 and TAK-700 in phase I/II trials], androgen receptor antagonists (e.g. bicalutamide, nilutamide, flutamide, and [MDV 31000 - in phase III clinical trials, BMS-641988 in phase I clinical trials]), inhibitors of 5α-reduction [which converts testosterone to the more potent dihydrotestosterone …

The Molecular Basis and Clinical Consequences of Chronic Inflammation in Prostatic Diseases: Prostatitis, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, and Prostate Cancer.

Chronic inflammation is now recognized as one of the major risk factors and molecular hallmarks of chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which chronic inflammation signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of these prostate diseases are poorly understood. Previous efforts to therapeutically target the upstream (e.g., TLRs and IL1-Rs) and downstream (e.g., NF-κB subunits and cytokines) inflammatory signaling molecules in people with these conditions have been clinically ambiguous and unsatisfactory, hence foster

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… Dhingra and colleagues showed that 5α-reductase inhibitors, which catalyze the formation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from testosterone in specific tissues, including the prostate gland, contribute to the decrease in the levels of DHT in the prostate. …

Therapeutic Perspectives on the Modulation of G-Protein Coupled Estrogen Receptor, GPER, Function.

Estrogens exert their physiological and pathophysiological effects via cellular receptors, named ERα, ERβ, and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Estrogen-regulated physiology is tightly controlled by factors that regulate estrogen bioavailability and receptor sensitivity, while disruption of these control mechanisms can result in loss of reproductive function, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease, obesity, insulin resistance, endometriosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Restoration of estrogen physiology by modulating estrogen bioavailability or receptor activity

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… SHBG also binds dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T) but with relative binding affinities that are 20- and 5-fold higher than for E2 ( 11 , 12 ). …

Modern radiopharmaceuticals for lung cancer imaging with positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan: A systematic review.

IntroductionIn this study, we evaluated the use and the contribution of radiopharmaceuticals to the field of lung neoplasms imaging using positron emission tomography/computed tomography.MethodsWe conducted review of the current literature at PubMed/MEDLINE until February 2020. The search language was English.ResultsThe most widely used radiopharmaceuticals are the following:Experimental/pre-clinical approaches: (18)F-Misonidazole (18F-MISO) under clinical development, D(18)F-Fluoro-Methyl-Tyrosine (18F-FMT), 18F-FAMT (L-[3-18F] (18)F-Fluorothymidine (18F-FLT)), (18)F-Fluoro-Azomycin-Arabinosi

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… proliferation marker (cancer). 11 C-acetate: lipid synthesis; incorporation into cell membrane lipids (cancer). 18 F-annexin V: putative apoptosis marker. 64 Cu-ATSM: hypoxia agent. 18 F-MISO, 18F-fluoromisonidazole: hypoxia agent. 18 F-galacto-RGD: integrin marker. 18 FES: estrogen receptor. 18 F-DHT: dihydrotestosterone …

Gossypol and Its Natural Derivatives: Multitargeted Phytochemicals as Potential Drug Candidates for Oncologic Diseases.

Despite the vast amounts of research and remarkable discoveries that have been made in recent decades, cancer remains a leading cause of death and a major public health concern worldwide. Gossypol, a natural polyphenolic compound derived from the seeds, roots, and stems of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), was first used as a male contraceptive agent. Due to its diverse biological properties, including antifertility, antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial, antimalarial, and most notably antitumor activities, gossypol has been the subject of numerous studies. Nevertheless, no systematic review has

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… Androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, stimulate the growth of prostate cancer and play a role in its pathophysiology. Prostate carcinogenesis are thought to comprise a multistep transition from precancerous cells to proliferative and metastatic cells. …

Current Perspectives of the Applications of Polyphenols and Flavonoids in Cancer Therapy.

The development of anticancer therapies that involve natural drugs has undergone exponential growth in recent years. Among the natural compounds that produce beneficial effects on human health, polyphenols have shown potential therapeutic applications in cancer due to their protective functions in plants, their use as food additives, and their excellent antioxidant properties. The possibility of combining conventional drugs-which are usually more aggressive than natural compounds-with polyphenols offers very valuable advantages such as the building of more efficient anticancer therapies with l

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… Resveratrol reduces the levels of circulating androgen precursors but has no effect on, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, PSA levels or prostate volume. A 4-month randomised trial in middle-aged men. PROSTATE. 2015;75:1255–1263. doi: 10.1002/pros.23006. 28. …

Abstracts of the 3rd International Conference on Cancer Cachexia, September 23–25, 2016 in Washington, DC, USA

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… To verify the androgen dependence of the combination's efficacy, AR‐42 was additionally combined with anabolic doses of dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 3 mg/kg, SC, QD) and the SARM TFM‐4AS‐1 (10 mg/kg, PO, QD) resulting in protective effects similar to those seen with GTx‐024. …

Polyphenols bind G4-Quadruplex structures and act as epigenetic modifiers with anti-cancer effects.

G4-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical structures of nucleic acids that develop in guanine rich regions of DNA and RNA. Due to their presence in oncogenic promoters and telomeres, G4s represent attractive targets in anticancer drug designs. G4s have also been the subject of recent research regarding their role as epigenetic modulators, supporting their participation in epigenetic processes that control gene expression. The development of small compounds that preferentially target G4s have led to a better understanding of how G4s control these mechanisms. Natural products have greatly contribu

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… Resveratrol reduces the levels of circulating androgen precursors but has no effect on, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, PSA levels or prostate volume. A 4-month randomised trial in middle-aged men. Prostate. 2015;75:1255–63. doi: 10.1002/pros.23006. 89. …

Sex Differences in Cancer and Cardiotoxicity: Mechanisms, Outcomes, and Clinical Implications Across Solid and Hematological Malignancies.

Sex differences influence cancer incidence, treatment response, and susceptibility to cardiovascular toxicity. Males exhibit higher rates and poorer outcomes in most non-sex-specific cancers, while females more frequently experience treatment-related adverse events, including cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction. Biological factors such as hormonal status, genetic polymorphisms, immune responses, and pharmacokinetics contribute to these disparities. In cardio-oncology, women-particularly premenopausal or with specific genotypes-may be at increased risk for cardiotoxicity after treatment

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… Higher Dihydrotestosterone Is Associated with the Incidence of Lung Cancer in Older Men Horm. Cancer 2017 8 119 126 10.1007/s12672-017-0287-4 28233278 PMC10355851 18. Buettner N. Thimme R. Sexual dimorphism in hepatitis B and C and hepatocellular carcinoma Semin. …

Targeting Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Metabolism as a Therapeutic Avenue for Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. More than 65% of men diagnosed with PC are above 65. Patients with localized PC show high long-term survival, however with the disease progression into a metastatic form, it becomes incurable, even after strong radio- and/or chemotherapy. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that participates in all the steps of oncogenesis including tumor cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and metastatic spread. The S1P-producing enzymes sphingosine kinases 1 and 2 (SK1 and SK2), and the S1P degrading enzyme

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… Furthermore, dihydrotestosterone after binding to AR, was able to stimulate SK1 activity through PI3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling [ 83 ]. …

Endocrine sequelae of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Effects on mineral homeostasis and bone metabolism.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an established therapeutic strategy for the treatment of malignant (leukemia and lymphoma) and non-malignant (thalassemia, anemia, and immunodeficiency) hematopoietic diseases. Thanks to the improvement in patient care and the development of more tolerable conditioning treatments, which has extended the applicability of therapy to the elderly, a growing number of patients have successfully benefited from HSCT therapy and, more importantly, HSCT transplant-related mortality has consistently reduced in recent years. However, concomitantly to long

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… Indeed, under physiological conditions, testosterone acts on bone metabolism in two different ways: 1) directly, in its active form, dihydrotestosterone (DTH), via interaction with androgenic receptors (ARs) present on osteoblasts, activating the TGF-β signaling pathway, and, thus, promoting osteoblastic …

Unraveling the link between cardiorespiratory fitness and cancer: a state-of-the-art review.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) not only reflects an individual's capacity to perform physical activities but also encapsulates broader effects on the basic biology of aging. This review aims to summarize the evidence on the influence of CRF on overall and site-specific cancer risks. It delves into the biological mechanisms through which CRF may exert its effects, explores the clinical implications of these findings, identifies gaps in the current evidence base, and suggests directions for future research. The synthesis of findings reveals that higher CRF levels (general threshold of > 7 METs)

From HDAC to Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: What's Next? The Long Road of Antiepileptic Drugs Repositioning in Cancer.

Cancer is a major health burden worldwide. Although the plethora of molecular targets identified in the last decades and the deriving developed treatments, which significantly improved patients' outcome, the occurrence of resistance to therapies remains the major cause of relapse and mortality. Thus, efforts in identifying new markers to be exploited as molecular targets in cancer therapy are needed. This review will first give a glance on the diagnostic and therapeutic significance of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and voltage gated ion channels (VGICs) in cancer. Nevertheless, HDAC and VGICs hav

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… reported to act as a differentiation agent, by inducing the expression of neuron-specific markers enolase and β-III Tubulin [ 131 ], a decrease in PSA, AR, androgen receptor coregulator (ARA24) expression and an up-regulation of some of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT2B11 and UGT2B7) implicated in dihydrotestosterone …