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[Neurogenesis in the central nervous system and prospects of regenerative neurology].

Discovery of neural stem cells (NSC) providing homeostatic adaptive and injury induced neural regeneration in the CNS of adult mammals, incl … s is an intensive process that leads to renewal of interneuron populations in such brain regions as olfactory bulbs and hippocampus by 5 and more percent per month. Advances in regenerative neurobiology may serve the foundation for the development of totally new technologies of treatment brain and spinal cord, as well as retina and optic nerve injuries and disea …

Neurogenesis in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease is impaired at the level of NeuroD1.

Adult neurogenesis is impaired in the hippocampus of transgenic R6 mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD). The phenotypes of R6 transgenic mice mimic several symptoms and signs of the disease (Li et al., 2005). They exhibit neurological and endocrine changes resembling some symptoms seen in humans. The reduction in neurogenesis is only apparent in the dentate gyrus as the number of newborn neurons in the subventricular zone, and olfactory bulb, is normal in R6 mice. The mechanism(s) underlying the reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis is still not fully understood. Here we show that the num…

Tissue tropism and neuroinvasion of West Nile virus do not differ for two mouse strains with different survival rates.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that infects the central nervous system of humans and other animals. In this study, we … rains. Neuroinvasion occurred in both strains by day 3 post-inoculation with early detection in the olfactory bulbs and spinal cord, suggesting that WNV neuroinvades at specific sites. Furthermore, neuroinvasion and viral load in the CNS did not predict disease outcome. Our data suggest that the disparities in morbidity and mortality between C3H and B6 mice are …

Chronic alcohol intoxication in rats leads to a strong but transient increase in NGF levels in distinct brain regions.

Nerve growth factor (NGF), a member of the neurotrophin family, is an essential mediator of neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity of bas … um and to a 210-485% increase in the cholinergic projection areas (anterior cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb). After 9 months exposure to ethanol, a decrease of NGF by 16% in the frontal cortex was observed compared to controls. In the other brain regions no differences in NGF expression were detectable at this time-point. These results support the idea of …

High-affinity transport of choline and amino acid neurotransmitters in synaptosomes from brain regions after lesioning the nucleus basalis magnocellularis of young and aged rats.

Bilateral lesion of the nucleus basalis with ibotenic acid infusions in young and aged rats results in the degeneration of cholinergic neuro … GABA, glutamate and glycine has also been studied in other areas of the brain, namely, hippocampus, olfactory bulb and cerebellum. The present results suggest that lesioning the nucleus basalis of rats led to a more effective and permanent impairment of some biochemical functions of the brain, when compared to young lesioned animals, and also suggest a functiona …

Comparison of the hot-plate pain effect between three inhalation methods and subcutaneous injection of heroin.

Heroin, a widely abused opioid, is frequently consumed via inhalation; however, the majority of existing studies have focused on traditional … ed to subcutaneous injection, despite lower delivered doses. At the median effective dose (ED 50 ), olfactory bulb drug concentrations in inhalation were approximately eight-fold higher than in subcutaneous and intratracheal groups, while blood concentrations showed no statistical difference. This study validated that inhaled heroin produces stronger analgesic e …

Rbm24/Notch1 signaling regulates adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and mediates Parkinson-associated olfactory dysfunction.

Rationale: Adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) is essential for maintaining neural homeostasis, and its dysregulation contri … impaired NSPC proliferation in the adult SVZ, ultimately resulting in collapsed neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. Notably, Rbm24 played a specific role in maintaining Notch1 mRNA stability in adult NSPCs. The Rbm24/Notch1 signaling axis was significantly downregulated in the SVZ of PD mice. Remarkably, overexpression of Rbm24 rescued disruption of adult neurog …

Ectopic Primary Olfactory Neuroblastoma: Case Series and Literature Review.

OBJECTIVE: Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare malignant tumor arising in the upper nasal cleft. Rarely, ONB may originate in ectopic si … -margins surgical resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy, is recommended. Olfactory bulb and dura preservation should be attempted whenever feasible. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic endonasal surgery should be preferred, when possible, to achieve complete excision to minimize patients' morbidity. The ectopic site of origin affects prognosis an …

Systemic vesicular stomatitis virus selectively destroys multifocal glioma and metastatic carcinoma in brain.

Metastatic tumors and malignant gliomas make up the majority of cancers in the brain. They are invariably fatal and there is currently no cu … , leading to olfactory nerve transport of the virus into the brain, selectively infected and killed olfactory bulb tumors. Neither control cortical wounds nor transplanted normal mouse or human cells were targeted, indicating viral tumor selectivity. Control viruses, including pseudorabies, adeno-associated, or replication-deficient VSV, did not infect the brain …

Chemosensory selectivity of output neurons innervating an identified, sexually isomorphic olfactory glomerulus.

The antennal lobe (AL) of insects, like the olfactory bulb of vertebrates, is characterized by discrete modules of synaptic neuropil called glomeruli. In some insects (e.g., moths and cockroaches), a few glomeruli are sexually dimorphic and function in labeled lines for processing of sensory information about sex pheromones. Controversy still exists, however, about whether projection (output) neurons (PNs) of glomeruli in the main AL are also narrowly tuned. We examined this critical issue in the AL of the moth Manduca sexta. We used intracellular recording and staining techniques to investiga…

Nose-to-brain translocation of inhaled ultrafine elongated particles: facts and mysteries.

In this study, we report that inhaled nanosized elongated mineral particles (EMPs) reach the human central nervous system (CNS) via two neuronal pathways, cranial nerve I (olfactorius) and cranial nerve V (trigeminus), from deposits on the nasal mucosa. High-resolution analytical imaging of autopsied brain tissues from eleven members of a Religious Orders Study (ROS) cohort (Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center) indicated that EMPs translocate from their nasal deposits to the brain either by the olfactory pathway (presence in the olfactory bulb (OB), olfactory tract, and amygdala) or by the trigemi…

Olfactory Ensheathing Cells: A Trojan Horse for Glioma Gene Therapy.

BACKGROUND: The olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) migrate from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system (CNS), a critica … through the nasal pathway, their natural route to CNS. METHODS: OECs were purified from the mouse olfactory bulb and engineered to express a fusion protein between cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (CU), which convert the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into cytotoxic metabolite 5-fluorouracil, leading to a bystander killing of tumor cell …

Friends and foes from an ant brain's point of view--neuronal correlates of colony odors in a social insect.

BACKGROUND: Successful cooperation depends on reliable identification of friends and foes. Social insects discriminate colony members (nestmates/friends) from foreign workers (non-nestmates/foes) by colony-specific, multi-component colony odors. Traditionally, complex processing in the brain has been regarded as crucial for colony recognition. Odor information is represented as spatial patterns of activity and processed in the primary olfactory neuropile, the antennal lobe (AL) of insects, which is analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb. Correlative evidence indicates that the spatial acti…

Differential labelling of primary olfactory system subcomponents by SBA (lectin) and NADPH-d histochemistry in the frog Pipa.

SBA and NADPH-d histochemistries allow identification of functionally distinct components of the amphibian primary olfactory system. In Pipa, a secondarily aquatic frog, combination of both methodologies, using alternate sets of histological sections, reveals that, apart from Jacobson's organ, this species has a "water-nose" and an "air-nose". The epithelia occupy separate chambers of the olfactory organ and give rise to olfactory nerve fiber bundles that are identified by the dual staining procedure.

Time- and Region-Specific Effects of Intranasal Insulin on Oxidative Stress Parameters in the Rat Brain.

Understanding how intranasal insulin affects brain signaling and metabolism is essential for elucidating its therapeutic potential in neurod … ed parameters, were observed across multiple regions including cortices, hippocampus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum. Plasma redox parameters remained largely unchanged, supporting the predominantly central action of intranasally delivered insulin. Correlation analyses revealed associations between oxidative stress markers and insulin signaling par …

Deprivation-Induced Plasticity in the Early Central Circuits of the Rodent Visual, Auditory, and Olfactory Systems.

Activity-dependent neuronal plasticity is crucial for animals to adapt to dynamic sensory environments. Traditionally, it has been investiga … culate nucleus and superior colliculus; audition - ventral and dorsal cochlear nucleus; olfaction - olfactory bulb). The systematic search yielded 91 papers (39 vision, 22 audition, 30 olfaction), revealing substantial heterogeneity in publication trends, experimental methods, measures of plasticity, and reporting across the sensory modalities. Despite these dif …

Olfactory Deficits in the Freezing of Gait Phenotype of Parkinson's Disease.

Background: Olfactory dysfunction often occurs before motor onset in Parkinson's disease (PD) and can be detected with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Based on the Braak hypothesis, the olfactory bulb is one of two sites where disease pathology may start and spread to deeper brain structures. Objective: To evaluate whether a specific pattern of odorant identification on the UPSIT discriminated Parkinson's disease patients with and without freezing of gait. Methods: One hundred and twenty four consecutive participants (33 controls, 31 non-freezers, and 60 freez…

Основные данные о вирусе Зика в нейроглиальных и мозговых эндотелиальных клетках.

Вирус Зика (ZIKV) недавно стал важным патогеном человека в силу убедительных доказательств того, что он вызывает заболевания центральной нервной системы, в частности микроцефалия и синдром Гильен-Барре. Патогенез заболевания, включая механизмы нейронного вторжения, может включать как вторжение через барьер мозга крови, так и периферийные (включая краниальные) нервы. Кроме того, плохо понимаются клеточные реакции на инфекцию. Это исследование характеризует инфекцию in vitro лабораторны адаптированных ZIKV African MR766 и два азиатских штамма: 1) эндотелиальные клетки головного мозга (HCMEC/D3)

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Zika virus (ZIKV) has recently emerged as an important human pathogen due to the strong evidence that it causes disease of the central nervo … line) and (2) olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) (the neuroglia populating cranial nerve I and the olfactory bulb; both human and mouse OEC lines) in comparison to kidney epithelial cells (Vero cells, in which ZIKV infection is well characterized). Readouts included infection kinetics, intracellular virus localization, viral persistence and cytokine responses. …

Lactoferrin-modified PEG-co-PCL nanoparticles for enhanced brain delivery of NAP peptide following intranasal administration.

Development of effective non-invasive drug delivery systems is of great importance to the treatment of Alzheimer's diseases and has made gre … orporated with the AUC0-8h in rat cerebrum (with hippocampus removed), cerebellum, olfactory tract, olfactory bulb and hippocampus 1.36, 1.53, 1.70, 1.57 and 1.23 times higher than that of coumarin-6 carried by NP, respectively. Using a neuroprotective peptide - NAPVSIPQ (NAP) as the model drug, the neuroprotective and memory improvement effect of Lf-NP was obse …