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Receptor biology of the melanocortins, a family of neuroimmunomodulatory peptides.

Melanocortins, melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) are homologous natural peptides derived from pro … regulation, sensory processing and various aspects of behavior. Furthermore, the presence of MCR in circumventricular organs of the brain provides direct access of systemic melanocortin hormones to central MCR. Together, these attributes provide an anatomical basis for bidirectional MCR-mediated communication between brain and periphery. A group of five G-protein-associat …

Feedback action and tonic influence of corticosteroids on brain function: a concept arising from the heterogeneity of brain receptor systems.

Two types of corticosteroid receptors can be distinguished in rat brain. The type 1 receptor resembles the kidney mineralocorticoid receptor … anatomical localization of the MR system is as yet ill-defined, although functional studies suggest circumventricular organs as mineralocorticoid target sites. The CR and the MR have in common the high affinity for mineralocorticoids, but the CR is defined by its exclusive responsiveness to CORT as its agonist. The CR and MR probably represent the same chemical receptor m …

Modulation of fear behavior and neuroimmune alterations in house dust mite exposed A/J mice, a model of severe asthma.

Fear-associated conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and panic disorder (PD) are highly prevalent. There is considerable interest in understanding contributory risk and vulnerability factors. Accumulating evidence suggests that chronically elevated inflammatory load may be a potential risk factor for these disorders. In this regard, an association of asthma, a chronic inflammatory condition, with PTSD and PD has been reported. Symptoms of PD and PTSD are more prevalent in severe asthmatics, compared to those with mild or moderate asthma suggesting that factors that influence

The effect of pinealectomy and foetal pineal transplantation of collagen ageing in rats.

Recent progress in pineal research emphasized the importance of this circumventricular organ in the phenomenon of ageing as well. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the effects of pineal gland on collagen ageing by spectrofluorometrically measuring collagen-cross-link bound fluorescein. Experiments were performed on three different age groups of rats (3-4 weeks, 8-10 weeks, 15 and more weeks). Fluorescein values were found to increase causally by age in the control group. Eight weeks after sham operation of all the groups fluorescein level increments were shown to be parallel with t

Microglia alter autonomic nucleus neuronal activation after peripheral cytokine challenge.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) coordinates the body's response to stress. Proinflammatory cytokines [e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)], released in response to different stressors, may influence underlying pathophysiology involving autonomic dysfunction. The present study evaluated the impact of peripheral TNFα on cellular activation in brain stem nuclei associated with autonomic function, including the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and the ventral lateral medulla (VLM). Mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of TNFα and were processed 2 h later to identify immunoreactive c-

Distribution of bismuth in the brain after intraperitoneal dosing of bismuth subnitrate in mice: implications for routes of entry of xenobiotic metals into the brain.

Bismuth (Bi) can produce neurotoxic effects in both humans and animals under certain dosing conditions, but little else is known about the e … AMGBi was observed in many cell types in brain regions adjacent to fenestrated blood vessels of the circumventricular organs (CVOs) and olfactory epithelium. Prominent intrasomal AMGBi was observed in nuclei containing large cell bodies, including cranial motor neurons innervating somatic muscle, lateral vestibular and red nucleus and pontine/medullary reticular nuclei. I …

Angiotensin II-Vasopressin Interactions in The Regulation of Cardiovascular Functions. Evidence for an Impaired Hormonal Sympathetic Reflex in Hypertension and Congestive Heart Failure.

INTRODUCTION: Angiotensin II (ANG II) and vasopressin (VP) interact in several physiological mechanisms, playing a role in arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. Aim and Methods of Search: To overview the primary mechanism involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function, PubMed/Medline was searched, and authors selected original articles and reviews written in English. RESULTS: Angiotensin II (ANG II) and vasopressin (VP) are involved in several physiological mechanisms. ANG II stimulates VP release via angiotensin receptor 1. ANG II and VP stimulate aldosterone synthesis a

The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis contributes to neurohumoral mechanisms of renal vascular hypertension.

The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) is a forebrain circumventricular organ that modulates central autonomic control of arterial pressure and body fluid homeostasis. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rat models of hypertension that are driven by increased salt intake since OVLT lesion (OVLTx) attenuates both the DOCA-salt and angiotensin II-salt models. However, its contribution to the development of hypertension that is not salt-dependent, such as the 2 kidney, 1 clip (2K1C) renovascular model, is not clear. We recently reported that afferent renal denervation (A

Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: New challenges in health and disease.

UNLABELLED: This review integrates eight aspects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulatory dynamics: formation rate, pressure, flow, volume, … by fresh insights on peptidergic regulatory servomechanisms, the role of dysfunctional ependyma and circumventricular organs in causing congenital hydrocephalus, and the clinical use of algorithms to delineate CSFP waveforms for diagnostic and prognostic utility. Increasing attention focuses on CSF flow: how it impacts cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics, neural stem cel …

Predict disabling severe attacks in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: warning symptoms and innovative machine learning models.

BACKGROUND: Severe disabling attacks neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) severely affect patients’ quality of daily life and life safety. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled consecutive Chinese patients suffering from NMOSD who visited the China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Beijing, China) between October, 2010 and February, 2023. Correlation analysis was used to perform feature selection. The prediction model was constructed using the support vector machine (SVM) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm. RESULTS: A total of 356 patients (mean [SD] age, 34.45[15.22] y

Inhibition of food intake.

Over 100 publications, principally from five groups, describe an effect of amylin and amylin analogs in inhibition of food intake in animals and humans. The major groups contributing to this area are those of the following: Chance and Balasubramaniam (Balasubramaniam et al., 1991a,b; Chance et al., 1991a,b, 1992a,b, 1993). Morley, Flood, and Edwards (Edwards and Morley, 1992; Flood and Morley, 1992; Macintosh et al., 2000; Morley and Flood, 1991, 1994; Morley et al., 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997). Lutz, Geary, and others (Barth et al., 2003; Del Prete et al., 2002; Lutz et al., 1994, 199

Histamine in migraine and brain.

BACKGROUND: Histamine has been studied in both health and disease since the initial description a century ago. With its vasodilative effect, … ood-brain barrier (BBB). However, circulating histamine may influence hypothalamic activity via the circumventricular organs that lack BBB. In the rat, prolonged activation of meningeal nociceptors induced by dural mast cell degranulation has been observed. Subcutaneous injections of N-alpha-methyl histamine, a catabolite of histamine with high affinity to the histamine H …

Long-term use of intrathecal droperidol as an excellent antiemetic in nonmalignant pain--a retrospective study.

UNLABELLED: Over the past five years our pain practice encountered eight patients (5 female, 3 male) with chronic non-malignant pain syndromes, in whom any meaningful pain reduction via opioid analgesics (either by oral or systemic and/or intraspinal route) had resulted in profound nausea and/or vomiting despite generous use of available and/or affordable anti-emetics. After obtaining proper consents, small, incremental doses of intrathecal droperidol were added to these patients having implanted intrathecal narcotic drug delivery system. Significant reduction of nausea and vomiting without an

Иммуноэксциотоксичность как возможная основная патофизиология, лежащая в основе множественного склероза и других аутоиммунных расстройств.

Аутоиммунные расстройства представляют собой разрушительные процессы, которые считаются атакой на «само» антигены иммунной системы CD+4 T-клеток, которые направлены на антигены, в случае множественного склероза (MS), особенно миелиновых антигенов. Тем не менее все больше фактов свидетельствует о том, что основные разрушительные явления в MS, а также другие аутоиммунные расстройства нецентральной нервной системы (КНС) представляют собой гораздо больше, чем иммунную атаку на CNS, вызванную неправильно управляемой иммунной системой, которая нападает на « само » антиген или антигены в результате п

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… Certain areas of the brain, such as the circumventricular organs, have a very poor BBB.[ 4 ] It has been shown that acutely, the brain can prevent excess glutamate from entering the brain, but chronic elevations of blood glutamate will penetrate an intact BBB. … organs, which have either no or a poorly functional barrier. …

Implications of Systemic Inflammation and Periodontitis for Major Depression.

Increasing evidence suggests that infection and persistent low-grade inflammation in peripheral tissues are important pathogenic factors in major depression. Major depression is frequently comorbid with systemic inflammatory diseases/conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, allergies of different types, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic liver disease, diabetes, and cancer, in which pro-inflammatory cytokines are overexpressed. A number of animal studies demonstrate that systemic inflammation induced by peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharid

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… The second route is the humoral pathway involving the choroid plexus and circumventricular organs, which lack an intact blood–brain barrier (BBB). …

Уровень амилиновой сыворотки у пациентов с множественным склерозом: перекрестное исследование сечения.

Амилин — это поджелудочный нейроэндокринный пестид, который связывает периферическое метаболическое регулирование с центральными гомеостатическими и нейродегенеративными путями. Однако его значение для подстрекательских и демиелионирующих процессов, лежащих в основе множественного склероза (МС), остается неясным. До настоящего времени роль амилина в РС не была расследована. В ходе этого исследования были исследованы уровни сыворотки амилина у пациентов с MS и их связь с состоянием болезни. Это межсекторальное тематическое исследование включало в себя 62 пациенты, встречающиеся 2017 Критерии Mc

Инфекционные кишечные заболевания повышают риск нейродегенеративных заболеваний на основе общенационального исследования групп населения.

Инфекционные кишечные заболевания (МИЗ) создают значительное бремя для здоровья и экономики во всем мире. Недавние наблюдения в больнице общего профиля " Три сервис " (Тайван) указывают на потенциальную связь между МИС и нейродегенеративными заболеваниями, что подтолкнуло к изучению этих отношений. В ходе этого исследования были изучены взаимосвязи между МИС и нейродегенеративными заболеваниями. Мы провели ретроспективный когортный анализ на основе данных Национальной научно-исследовательской базы данных о медицинском страховании (NHIRD) Тайваня. Пациенты, у которых диагностированы И

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… Subsequently, TREM-positive activated macrophages, along with inflammatory mediators, may transit to the brain through various routes, such as the blood, glymphatic system, circumventricular organs, or the vagus nerve via the gut-brain axis. …

Воздействие совместных мероприятий на популяризацию пожилых людей: систематический обзор и метаанализ.

Справочная информация/задачи: Сочетание учений с когнитивной подготовкой (комбинированное вмешательство) является стратегией борьбы с обусловленным возрастом когнитивным упадком; однако по-прежнему не ясно, какой из наиболее оптимальных видов упражнений необходим для максимального повышения нейрозащитного воздействия комбинированного вмешательства. Таким образом, цель этого систематического обзора и метаанализа (СРПД) состояла в том, чтобы сопоставить воздействие комбинированных мероприятий (активизация плюс когнитивная подготовка) с воздействием только физических упражнений на когнитивную фун

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… Increased circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) increase blood–brain barrier permeability [ 7 ] and can cross the blood–brain barrier through circumventricular organs, endothelial cells, or via blood–brain …

Ось Гут-Брэйна в нейродегенерации: механистические связи между дисбиозом и нейроатологией.

& ЦЕЛЬ: Ось кишечника по сути представляет собой two- система связи, которая физически соединяет мозг с кишечным трактом. Связь поддерживается через ряд путей, включая нейронные, эндокринные и иммунные пути. Гут дисбиоз, который объясняется как дисбаланс в микробном сообществе, связан с причинно-следственной связью различных нейродегенеративных расстройств, таких, как болезнь Альцгеймера, болезнь Паркинсона и множественный склероз. Однако патологические механизмы в мозге известны лишь частично. В настоящем обзоре описывается процесс кишечного дисбиоза и нейродегенерации с подробным описанием ф

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… These molecules may directly cross the BBB at circumventricular organs, where the barrier is naturally more permeable. Cytokines also bind to receptors on cerebral vascular endothelial cells, triggering secondary signaling within the brain parenchyma( 55 , 56 ). …

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by acute optic neuritis (ON) and transverse myelitis (TM). NMO is caused by a pathogenic serum IgG antibody against the water channel aquoporin 4 (AQP4) in the majority of patients. AQP4-antibody (AQP4-ab) presence is highly specific, and differentiates NMO from multiple sclerosis. It binds to AQP4 channels on astrocytes, triggering activation of the classical complement cascade, causing granulocyte, eosinophil, and lymphocyte infiltration, culminating in injury first to as

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… Other evidence has indicated an inflammatory environment may not always be necessary for AQP4-ab to cross the BBB [ 46 ], as they may enter the CNS via circumventricular organs with fenestrated capillaries, or through blood vessels in the meninges or parenchyma [ 47 ]. …