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Regulation of colonic epithelial cell turnover by IDO contributes to the innate susceptibility of SCID mice to Trichuris muris infection.

Tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway is dependent on the enzyme Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Expression of IDO is upregulated in a number of inflammatory settings such as wounding and infection, and the resulting local tryptophan depletion may inhibit the replication of intracellular pathogens. Indo gene expression is upregulated in the gut during chronic infection with the mouse whipworm Trichuris muris. We demonstrate an increase in the rate of colonic epithelial cell turnover after inhibition of IDO in T. muris-infected SCID mice, leading to a significant expulsion of para…

Ommochrome genesis in an albino strain of a terrestrial isopod.

The contents of tryptophan (Trp) metabolites and the activities of the enzymes involved in ommochrome biosynthesis were measured in an albino strain of a terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. There was little difference between the Trp content in the albino mutant and that in the wild type, although the contents of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-OH-Kyn), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-OH-AA) and xanthommatin in the albino were significantly lower than those in the wild type. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) activity in the albino was extremely low, while the activities of Kyn-3-hydroxylase and kynur…

Serotonin and the biochemical genetics of alcoholism: lessons from studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Tourette syndrome.

Studies of children with ADHD and Tourette syndrome, and their families, show that both the patients and their relatives are at increased risk for alcoholism, and other behavioral disorders. Defective serotonin metabolism has been implicated in all of these disorders. Platelet serotonin and blood tryptophan levels are low in the patients and both parents. Analysis of pedigrees suggest that a gene or genes capable of producing a pleiotrophic spectrum of disorders are inherited from both parents (recessive inheritance), but affected relatives can express some symptoms (dominant inheritance). Thi…

Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and fasciitis with an active alveolitis.

This patient clearly had the EMS with eosinophilic fasciitis, apparently due to L-tryptophan. He also had an active alveolitis with a DIP-UIP-like picture. The lung findings were not similar to those reported in the Mayo series. It is perhaps most likely that his interstitial lung disease was of the cryptogenic variety and unrelated to the L-tryptophan. However, a more direct association cannot be ruled out until more cases with similar findings are thoroughly evaluated. We suggest that special consideration of pertinent studies for interstitial lung disease is merited in all patients with sus…

[Etiology of bladder cancer].

Multiple agents have been suggested as urinary bladder carcinogens. Of these, certain aromatic amines and some tryptophan metabolites (Anthranilic acid, 3 hydroxy Anthranilic acid) have been proved to be carcinogenic. Others are suggested but are not conclusively proved as carcinogenic agents. Various animal species have been used as experimental models for the study of induction of cancer of the bladder and substantial progress has been made in the search for etiologic factors and pathogenesis of bladder tumors. A carcinogenic model of cancer bladder induction is proposed. However, knowledge …

Effect of N-bromosuccinimide modification on dihydrofolate reductase from a methotrexate-resistant strain of Escherichia coli. Activity, spectrophotometric, fluorescence and circular dichroism studies.

When dihydrofolate reductase from a methotrexate-resistant strain of Escherichia coli B, MB 1428, is treated with approximately a 5 mol ratio of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) to enzyme at pH 7.2 and assayed at the same pH, there is a 40% loss of activity due to the modification of 1 histidine residue and possibly 1 methionine residue before oxidation of tryptophan occurs. The initial modification is accompanied by a shift of the pH for maximal enzymatic activity from pH 7.2 to pH 5.5 Upon further treatment with N-bromosuccinimide, the activity is gradually reduced from 60 to 0% as tryptophan residu…

Studies of phosphorescent probes for proteins.

1. Certain capabilities and limitations of using bound phosphorescent chromophores to study protein structure were investigated. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with three different arrangements of singlet and triplet energy levels relative to those of tryptophan were used to determine their ability to transfer triplet energy. 2. Ligands representing each of the three spectroscopic energy level arrangements were found to exhibit triplet-triplet energy transfer with a tryptophan residue at the active site of carbonic anhydrase. This greatly increases the number of ligands which may be useful as p…

Type IX collagen neo-deposition in degenerative discs of surgical patients whether genotyped plus or minus for COL9 risk alleles.

STUDY DESIGN: Immunohistochemical analysis of type IX collagen in disc tissue from spinal fusion patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine if collagen IX can be detected in adult disc tissue removed at spinal fusion surgery from patients either with or without degeneration-associated tryptophan single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and whether the distribution is associated either with severity of degeneration or incidence of a collagen IX SNP genotype. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Genetic factors are strongly associated with risk of development and/or progression of disc degeneration. Two SNPs that…

Serotonin levels in children with cognitive impairment in delayed speech development in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with obesity and Covid-19.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To identify features of changes in serum serotonin and tryptophan levels in children with cognitive impairment (CI) and delayed speech development (DSD) at non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and COVID-19. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: The study included 108 children with CI and DSD at NAFLD. The children were divided into 2 groups: group 1 included children with COVID-19 (n=58); group 2 consisted of 50 children without COVID-19. RESULTS: Results: All the examined children were diagnosed the weight gain and NAFLD (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), mainly of…

Evaluating Fmoc-amino acids as selective inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase.

Cholinesterases are involved in neuronal signal transduction, and perturbation of function has been implicated in diseases, such as Alzheime … p has structural resemblance to previously described inhibitors. We identified leucine, lysine, and tryptophan analogs bearing the Fmoc group as selective inhibitors of BChE. The Fmoc group contributed to inhibition, as analogs bearing a carboxybenzyl group showed ~tenfold higher values for the inhibition constant (K I value). Inclusion of a t-butoxycarbonyl …

Quantitative profiling of neurotransmitter abnormalities in the hippocampus of rats treated with lipopolysaccharide: Focusing on kynurenine pathway and implications for depression.

Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can induce the rodents to a depression-like state accompanied with remarkable changes … kynurenine concentrations and altered the balance between the serotonin and kynurenine branches of tryptophan metabolism-increasing kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, but decreasing serotonin/tryptophan ratio. Additionally, kynurenic acid, the endogenous NMDA receptor antagonist, and the ratio of kynurenic acid/kynurenine were significantly decreased by acute tre …

Prevention of postoperative fatigue syndrome in rat model by ginsenoside Rb1 via down-regulation of inflammation along the NMDA receptor pathway in the hippocampus.

Postoperative fatigue syndrome (POFS) is a common complication which decelerates recovery after surgery. The present study investigated the … ed with an increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and NMDA receptor 1, higher (kynurenine)/(tryptophan) and (kynurenine)/(kynurenic acid) on postoperative days 1 and 3, and an increased expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) on postoperative day 1. Degenerated neurons were found in the hippocampus of POFS rats. The NMDA receptor antagonist M …

Discovery and validation of plasma biomarkers for major depressive disorder classification based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mental disease with a pronounced impact on the quality of life of many people; however, it … d on the dynamic multiple reactions monitoring method. Levels of acyl carnitines, ether lipids, and tryptophan pronouncedly decreased, whereas LPCs, LPEs, and PEs markedly increased in MDD subjects as compared with the healthy controls. Disturbed pathways, mainly located in acyl carnitine metabolism, lipid metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism, were clearly …

Prenatal exposure to methyl mercury in rats: focus on changes in kynurenine pathway.

Previous studies showed learning and memory deficits following prenatal exposure to methyl mercury (MMC) in rats. Considering the described dysfunction in several neurotransmission systems after MMC exposure, one can surmise that changes in the kynurenine pathway could also be involved in an altered brain functional development. Thus we focused our attention on the potential alteration in the production of tryptophan metabolites by prenatal MMC exposure. For this purpose, brains were removed, at postnatal days 21 and 60, from rats treated, at gestational day 8, with saline or a single dose of …

Amino acid concentrations in human embryological fluids.

The concentrations of amino acids in samples of coelomic fluid (n = 15), amniotic fluid (n = 9) and maternal serum (n = 15) obtained from normal pregnancies between 7 and 12 weeks of gestation were measured using reversed-phase chromatography with pre-column derivatization. The total molar concentration of the 18 amino acids measured was 2.3 times higher in coelomic fluid than in maternal serum. All amino acids except serine and tryptophan were present in significantly higher concentrations in coelomic fluid than in maternal serum. Significant correlations between maternal serum and coelomic f…

Nutrients and ventilation.

Nutritional support of the patient with respiratory failure may play a key role in recovery. Nutritional intake not only indirectly influenc … ect of protein and an increase in the ratio of the plasma concentration of the large amino acids to tryptophan. We postulate that brain uptake of tryptophan which is a precursor to serotonin (a known respiratory inhibitor) is reduced by the presence of increased amounts of the large neutral amino acids that compete with tryptophan for transport across the bl …

Fluorescence properties of neutral protease from Bacillus subtilis.

The fluorescence properties of neutral protease from B. subtilis have been investigated under a variety of conditions and the results compared with those previously reported for the homologous metalloendopeptidase thermolysin (Fontana et al., 1977). In the pH range 5-9 neutral protease displayed a quite unusual fluorescence emission spectrum with a maximum near 320 nm, when excitation was at 295 nm. At this wavelength the protein fluorescence is due to tryptophan residues only, which, considering their blue-shift emission, appear rather buried in the hydrophobic protein interior. Specific remo…

Свободное сотовое синтезирование дофамина и серотонина в двух шагах с очищенными ферментами.

Описывают синтез серотонина и дофамина с очищенными ферментами. Оба пути начинаются с субстрата аминокислоты и синтезируют нейротрансмиттер моноамина двумя энзиматическими шагами. Энцимы человека триптофановой гидроксилазы изоформы 2, Rattus Norvegicus tirosine гидроксилаза, хламидийная пневмония Cpn1046 и ароматическая аминокислота декарбоксилаза из дрософила меланогастера рекомбинированы, очищены и доказали свою функциональность in vitro. Гидроксилазы эффективно преобразуют L-DOPA (L-дигидрокси-фенилалин) и 5-HTP (5-гидрокриптофан) соответственно из L-стиросин и L-триптофана. Единственная ар

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The synthesis of serotonin and dopamine with purified enzymes is described. Both pathways start from an amino acid substrate and synthesize the monoamine neurotransmitter in two enzymatic steps. The enzymes human tryptophan hydroxylase isoform 2, Rattus norvegicus tyrosine hydroxylase, Chlamydia pneumoniae Cpn1046, and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase from …

Psychobiological aspects of somatoform disorders: contributions of monoaminergic transmitter systems.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible biological aspects of 'unexplained physical symptoms', this study examined serotonergic and noradrenergic monoamino acids in somatoform disorders and/or depression. METHODS: Blood samples of 150 subjects from 4 groups (somatization syndrome; depression; depression and somatization; controls) were analyzed for amino acids contributing to the serotonergic and noradrenergic system and peripheral muscle energy balance (tryptophan, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine). RESULTS: Tryptophan, branched chain amino acids and other serotonergic am…

Brain serotonin (5-HT) neuroendocrine function in patients taking cholesterol-lowering drugs.

Brain serotonin (5-HT) neuroendocrine function, plasma tryptophan, and platelet 5-HT content were examined in 20 patients treated in a lipid clinic for hypercholesterolaemia with combined drug and diet therapy and in 20 healthy matched controls. Treatment had produced a substantial decrease in total cholesterol concentrations in the patients, but they still had higher cholesterol and triglyceride levels than control subjects. The patients were somewhat more depressed than controls but did not differ from them in degree of hostility, free or total plasma tryptophan, or prolactin response to 30 …