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An extended and improved CCFv3 annotation and Nissl atlas of the entire mouse brain.

Brain atlases are indispensable tools for quantifying cellular composition across mouse brain regions. The widely used Common Coordinate Framework version 3 (CCFv3) from the Allen Institute delineates over 600 anatomical regions but lacks coverage of the most rostral and caudal brain areas, including the main olfactory bulb, cerebellum, and medulla. Additionally, the CCFv3 does not include annotations for key cerebellar layers, and its Nissl-stained reference volume is misaligned, limiting its efficiency. To overcome these limitations, we developed the Blue Brain Project (BBP) CCFv3 augmented …

Single-nucleus chromatin landscape dataset of mouse brain development and aging.

The development and aging of the brain constitute a lifelong dynamic process, marked by structural and functional changes that entail highly … maps, incorporating data from 69,178 cells obtained from four distinct brain regions - namely, the olfactory bulb (OB), cerebellum (CB), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and hippocampus (HP) - across key developmental time points at 7 P, 3 M, 12 M, and 18 M. We delineated the distribution of cell types across different age stages and brain regions, providing insight in …

In vivo rat brain mapping of multiple gray matter water populations using nonparametric D(ω)-R1-R2 distributions MRI.

Massively multidimensional diffusion magnetic resonance imaging combines tensor-valued encoding, oscillating gradients, and diffusion-relaxa … ition. This framework allows the identification of diffusion ω-dependence in the rat cerebellum and olfactory bulb gray matter (GM), and the parameter distributions are shown to resolve two water pools in the cerebellum GM with different diffusion coefficients, shapes, ω-dependence, relaxation rates, and spatial repartition whose attribution to specific microstr …

Brain-Wide Synaptic Inputs to Aromatase-Expressing Neurons in the Medial Amygdala Suggest Complex Circuitry for Modulating Social Behavior.

Here, we reveal an unbiased view of the brain regions that provide specific inputs to aromatase-expressing cells in the medial amygdala, neurons that play an outsized role in the production of sex-specific social behaviors, using rabies tracing and light sheet microscopy. While the downstream projections from these cells are known, the specific inputs to the aromatase-expressing cells in the medial amygdala remained unknown. We observed established connections to the medial amygdala (e.g., bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and accessory olfactory bulb) indicating that aromatase neurons are a…

Neurothogenesis с острым острым респираторным синдромом коронавирус 2.

ЦЕЛЬ РАССМОТРЕНИЯ: Цель настоящего обзора заключается в изучении нашего нынешнего понимания патофизиологии неврологических травм в результате острого острого дыхательного синдрома коронавируса 2 (SARS-COV2) на развивающейся нервной системе. ПОСЛЕДНИЕ НАРУШЕНИЯ: SARS-COV2 могут проникнуть в мозг через три потенциальных механизма: транссинаптическое распространение из обонятельной луковицы в результате внутринационального воздействия, перемещение через барьер кровеносного мозга через эндотелиальную клеточную инфекцию и миграция в результате нарушения кровеносного барьера в результате воспаления.

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to address our current understanding of the pathophysiology of neurologic injury resulting … GS: SARS-CoV2 may enter the brain through three potential mechanisms: transsynaptic spread from the olfactory bulb following intranasal exposure, migration across the blood-brain barrier through endothelial cell infection, and migration following disruption of the blood-brain barrier from resulting inflammation. SARS-CoV2 does not appear to directly infect neuro …

Targeting Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy to Restore Adult Neurogenesis.

Adult neurogenesis is the process of generating new neurons throughout life in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus of most mammalian species, which is closely related to aging and disease. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), also an adipokine known as visfatin, is the rate-limiting enzyme for mammalian nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) salvage synthesis by generating nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from nicotinamide. Recent findings from our laboratory and other laboratories have provided much evidence that NAMPT might serve as a therapeutic target to restore adult neurogene…

Diurnal changes in salmon GnRH secretion in the brain of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou).

The day-night changes of salmon GnRH (sGnRH), which is secreted from various brain regions, were analyzed in maturing and matured masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou). In maturing males, the levels of sGnRH secreted from the olfactory bulb (OB), terminal nerve (TN), and ventral telencephalon and preoptic area (VT+POA) were all significantly higher during midnight than daytime. However, the contents of sGnRH in the pituitary gland during midnight were not higher than those during daytime. In maturing females, the levels of sGnRH secreted from the VT+POA were higher during midnight than daytime, and…

Decreased reelin expression and organophosphate pesticide exposure alters mouse behaviour and brain morphology.

Genetic and environmental factors are both likely to contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASDs (autism spectrum disorders). … se variables. In addition to behavioural abnormalities, we identified anatomical alterations in the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. As with our behavioural studies, anatomical alterations appeared to be ameliorated in the presence of both variables. While these observations support an interaction between loss of reelin expression and …

Molecular cloning of canine monoamine oxidase subtypes A (MAOA) and B (MAOB) cDNAs and their expression in the brain.

The role of monoamine oxidase has been shown to be related to some behavioral changes including aggression and cognitive dysfunction. In ord … RNA was found only in specific brain regions, such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus, brain stem and olfactory bulb. These results suggest that MAOA and MAOB mRNAs have subtype-specific expression patterns in the canine brain.

Developmental cooperation of leukemia inhibitory factor and insulin-like growth factor I in mice is tissue-specific and essential for lung maturation involving the transcription factors Sp3 and TTF-1.

The multifunctional proteins leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are expressed in overlapping patterns during development and, therefore, may act cooperatively. We show that mice doubly deficient in LIF and IGF-I all died at birth of apparent respiratory failure. Growth retardation, muscle hypoplasia and delayed ossification in IGF-I-deficient E18.5 mice were exacerbated by the absence of LIF. The transcription factor Sp3 was decreased in the skeleton of the double null mice. Pronounced depletion of olfactory bulb neurons, in contrast, was only IGF-I-depen…

Poliovirus pathogenesis in a new poliovirus receptor transgenic mouse model: age-dependent paralysis and a mucosal route of infection.

We constructed a poliovirus receptor (PVR) transgenic mouse line carrying a PVR delta cDNA driven by a beta-actin promoter. We refer to this … ranasal infection with poliovirus. After intranasal infection, virus replication is observed in the olfactory bulb, cerebrum, brain stem and spinal cord, suggesting that intranasal infection of cPVR mice is a model for bulbar paralysis. Intranasally infected mice frequently display unusual neurological behaviours. The PVR transgenic mouse reported here provides …

Identification of a novel protein containing two C2 domains selectively expressed in the rat brain and kidney.

We have isolated and characterized a rat brain cDNA clone which encodes a new protein of 474 amino acids in length which contains two C2 dom … tion and Northern blot analyses showed that the B/K transcript was found in forebrain including the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. In the kidney, high levels of B/K transcript were expressed in the papillary region of the inner medulla, the inner stripe of the outer medulla and the cortex. The selective expression in forebrain an …

Reduction of traumatic brain injury-induced cerebral oedema by a free radical scavenger.

Oxygen derived free radicals have been proposed to be in part responsible for the cerebral oedema resulting from head injury. In the present … ead injured mice. Oedema was apparent 4 h after head injury and was greatest in the vicinity of the olfactory bulb and surrounding the ventricles. Treatment with MDL 74,180 (1-10 micrograms/kg intravenously, administered 3-5 min after the injury) significantly reduced the oedema development. MDL 74,180 is a potential treatment for the oedema caused as a result o …

Headache as a Symptom of COVID-19: Narrative Review of 1-Year Research.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Headache is a common symptom of COVID-19 with emerging literature being published on the subject. Although it may seem unspecific, scientific evidence has allowed a better definition of this headache type, revealing relevant associations with other COVID-19 symptoms and prognoses. We therefore sought to highlight the most remarkable findings concerning headache secondary to COVID-19, specifically focusing on epidemiology, characteristics, pathophysiology, and treatments. RECENT FINDINGS: The real prevalence of headache as a symptom of COVID-19 is still unclear ranging from

Targeting Small Molecule Delivery to the Brain and Spinal Cord via Intranasal Administration of Rabies Virus Glycoprotein (RVG29)-Modified PLGA Nanoparticles.

Alternative routes of administration are one approach that could be used to bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for effective drug delivery … y within the CNS revealed higher delivery to tissues closest to the trigeminal nerve, including the olfactory bulb, striatum, midbrain, brainstem, and cervical spinal cord. RVG29 surface modifications presented modest targeting benefits to the striatum, midbrain, and brainstem 2 h after administration, although targeting was not observed 30 min or 6 h after admi …

Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of the viviparous fish Gambusia affinis.

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the common precursor enzyme involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the catecholaminergic neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine. In this investigation, the neuroanatomical distribution of TH-immunoreactivity was studied in the brain of the female mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. Numerous intensely stained TH-immunoreactive (ir) neurons were scattered in the olfactory bulb with their fibres extending towards the medial olfactory tract, whereas few telencephalic TH-ir cells with distinct fibres were observed in the dorsal nucleus of area ventralis telencephali…

Neurovirulence of H5N1 infection in ferrets is mediated by multifocal replication in distinct permissive neuronal cell regions.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI), subtype H5N1, remains an emergent threat to the human population. While respiratory disease is a … athological findings in the lungs were similar in severity. VN1203 replicated to high titers in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, and brain stem; whereas HK483 was not recovered in these tissues. VN1203 was identified adjacent to and within the olfactory nerve tract, and multifocal infection was observed throughout the frontal cortex and cerebrum. VN1203 was …

Loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding prokineticin-2 or prokineticin receptor-2 cause autosomal recessive Kallmann syndrome.

CONTEXT: Physiological activation of the prokineticin pathway has a critical role in olfactory bulb morphogenesis and GnRH secretion in mice. OBJECTIVE: To investigate PROK2 and PROKR2 mutations in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) associated or not with olfactory abnormalities. DESIGN: We studied 107 Brazilian patients with HH (63 with Kallmann syndrome and 44 with normosmic HH) and 100 control individuals. The coding regions of PROK2 and PROKR2 were amplified by PCR followed by direct automatic sequencing. RESULTS: In PROK2, two known frameshift mutations were identified. T…

Early formation of mature amyloid-beta protein deposits in a mutant APP transgenic model depends on levels of Abeta(1-42).

The main objective of the present study was to develop an alternative singly-transgenic (tg) hAPP model where amyloid deposition will occur at an earlier age. For this purpose, we generated lines of tg mice expressing hAPP751 cDNA containing the London (V717I) and Swedish (K670M/N671L) mutations under the regulatory control of the murine (m)Thy-1 gene (mThy1-hAPP751). In the brains of the highest (line 41) and intermediate (lines 16 and 11) expressers, high levels of hAPP expression were found in neurons in layers 4-5 of the neocortex, hippocampal CA1 and olfactory bulb. As early as 3-4 months…

Degeneration and gliosis in rat retina and central nervous system following 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile exposure.

3,3'-Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) exposure causes a neurofilamentous axonopathy and olfactory, audiovestibular and visual toxicity. Many even … at 4 weeks post-exposure; a second peak occurred at 16 weeks. In contrast, GFAP peaked at 1 week in olfactory bulbs (OB), cingulate cortex and hippocampus. Cerebellum and striatum showed no gliosis. Retinal dopamine decreased within 2 weeks. Delayed GFAP increases occurred in superior and inferior colliculi. Retina and superior colliculi also showed increased [3 …