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An Update on Clinical Burden, Diagnostic Tools, and Therapeutic Options of Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen responsible for a variety of diseases ranging from mild skin and soft tissue infections, food … rate than development of new antibiotics. In this article, we have discussed elaborately about the host-pathogen interactions, clinical burden due to S aureus infections, status of diagnostic tools, and treatment options in terms of prophylaxis and therapy.

On the global stability of a generalized cholera epidemiological model.

In this paper, we conduct a careful global stability analysis for a generalized cholera epidemiological model originally proposed in [J. Wang and S. Liao, A generalized cholera model and epidemic/endemic analysis, J. Biol. Dyn. 6 (2012), pp. 568-589]. Cholera is a water- and food-borne infectious disease whose dynamics are complicated by the multiple interactions between the human host, the pathogen, and the environment. Using the geometric approach, we rigorously prove the endemic global stability for the cholera model in three-dimensional (when the pathogen component is a scalar) and four-di

Chlamydia trachomatis-induced alterations in the host cell proteome are required for intracellular growth.

Intracellular pathogens directly alter host cells in order to replicate and survive. While infection-induced changes in host transcription c … al approach revealed that C. trachomatis broadly alters host proteins and can be applied to examine host-pathogen interactions and develop host-based therapeutics.

From commensal to pathogen: recent advances in the pathogenicity and clinical implications of Streptococcus anginosus.

Streptococcus anginosus (S. anginosus, SA), a facultatively anaerobic coccus, functions as both a commensal bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen. It is frequently associated with localized suppurative infections and abscess formation. Increasing evidence implicates it as an emerging pathogen that can trigger gastritis and gastric cancer. This review synthesizes current knowledge with emphasis on pathogenic mechanisms of infections and gastric cancer, as well as clinical management. Pathogenic mechanisms include bacterial adhesion, microbe-host interactions, immune microenvironment remodelin

Pain and immunity: implications for host defence.

Pain is a hallmark of tissue injury, inflammatory diseases, pathogen invasion and neuropathy. It is mediated by nociceptor sensory neurons that innervate the skin, joints, bones, muscles and mucosal tissues and protects organisms from noxious stimuli. Nociceptors are sensitized by inflammatory mediators produced by the immune system, including cytokines, lipid mediators and growth factors, and can also directly detect pathogens and their secreted products to produce pain during infection. Upon activation, nociceptors release neuropeptides from their terminals that potently shape the function o

Bacterial aggregation facilitates internalin-mediated invasion of Listeria monocytogenes.

Dissemination of food-borne L. monocytogenes in the host relies on internalin-mediated invasion, but the underlying invasion strategies rema … virulence regulon. Overall, our analyses provide new mechanistic insights into internalin-mediated host-pathogen interactions of L. monocytogenes.

The interplay between host and viral factors in shaping the outcome of cytomegalovirus infection.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a major human pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed or immunoimmature individuals. Although significant advances have been made in dissecting out certain features of the host response to human CMV (HCMV) infection, the strict species specificity of CMVs means that most aspects of antiviral immunity are best assessed in animal models. The mouse model of murine CMV (MCMV) infection is an important tool for analysis of in vivo features of host-virus interactions and responses to antiviral drugs that are difficult to assess in humans

Host-directed therapeutics against antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections: emerging roles of multi-omics and systems biology.

The rapid emergence and global dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), coupled with the limited development of new antimicrobial ag … d epigenomics, combined with systems biology approaches, have greatly improved our understanding of host-pathogen interactions during bacterial infections, including those caused by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. These approaches facilitate the identification of resistance-associated host pathways, molecular networks, and therapeutic targets, while high-throughput scree …

AlphaFold reveals how pathogenic Leptospira use cross-kingdom thiol-disulfide exchange to evade the complement membrane attack complex.

UNLABELLED: Leptospirosis is a globally significant severe infectious disease that affects a range of mammals. To understand its complex aet … une modulation and demonstrate the power of AlphaFold-based structural predictions to reveal unique host-pathogen interactions.

Trogocytosis: revealing new insights into parasite-host interactions.

Trogocytosis - a process whereby cells physically nibble and ingest membrane fragments and other components from neighboring cells - plays a critical role in host-parasite interactions by modulating parasite survival and host immune responses. This review explores trogocytosis in parasitic infections, revealing its dual roles: parasites use it for nutrient acquisition and immune evasion, whereas hosts use it for pathogen clearance. We analyze the molecular machinery driving this process, its impact on infection outcomes, and parallels in tumors/transplantation. Emerging therapeutic opportuniti

West Nile virus.

This review covers the basic biology of the West Nile virus and the host-vector-pathogen interactions that result in significant disease in wild birds, horses and humans. The review describes the basic properties of the virus, cellular infection and the pathogenesis of the disease, and the ecology of virus maintenance, amplification and transmission. Disease epidemiology and risk estimation strategies that are currently in use are also examined, and host immune responses and vaccination practices described. The principles of vector control, exposure control and long-term risks caused by climat

Принудительная эволюция вируса Денга против вируса DC-SIGN: комбинированный подход филогенетики и молекулярной динамики анализирует более 30 лет вируса денге в Бразилии.

Гипотеза Красной Королевы (RQH), почерпнутая из «Взгляд-Глаз» Льюиса Кэррола, гласит, что организмы должны постоянно приспосабливаться друг к другу, чтобы сохранять относительную пригодность. В контексте взаимодействия хост-патогенов RQH подразумевает эволюционную гонку вооружений, когда вирусы эволюционируют для эксплуатации хостов и хостов, чтобы противостоять вирусному вторжению. Данное исследование учитывает динамику RQH в контексте взаимодействия вирусных клеток, уделяя особое внимание вирусным рецепторам и клеточным рецепторам. Мы наблюдали множественные системы приведения вирусов и заме

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The Red Queen Hypothesis (RQH), derived from Lewis Carroll's "Through the Looking-Glass", postulates that organisms must continually adapt in response to each other to maintain relative fitness. Within the context of host-pathogen interactions, the RQH implies an evolutionary arms race, wherein viruses evolve to exploit hosts and hosts evolve to resist viral…

Genetic Inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis Inclusion Membrane Protein CT228 Alters MYPT1 Recruitment, Extrusion Production, and Longevity of Infection.

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen with global health and economic impact. Upon infection, C. trachomatis resides within a protective niche, the inclusion, wherein it replicates and usurps host cell machinery and resources. The inclusion membrane is the key host-pathogen interface that governs specific protein-protein interactions to manipulate host signaling pathways. At the conclusion of the infection cycle, C. trachomatis exits the host cell via lysis or extrusion. Extrusion depends on the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain 2 (MLC2); the extent of phosphory

Host-pathogen associations inferred from bloodmeal analyses of Ixodes scapularis ticks in a low biodiversity setting.

UNLABELLED: Tick-borne pathogen emergence is dependent on the abundance and distribution of competent hosts in the environment. Ixodes scapularis ticks are generalist feeders, and their pathogen infection prevalence depends on their relative feeding on local competent and non-competent hosts. The ability to determine what host a larval life stage tick fed on can help predict infection prevalence, emergence, and spread of certain tick-borne pathogens and the risks posed to public health. Here, we use a newly developed genomic target-based technique to detect the source of larval bloodmeals by s

Components of TOR and MAP kinase signaling control chemotropism and pathogenicity in the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae.

Filamentous fungi can sense useful resources and hazards in their environment and direct growth of their hyphae accordingly. Chemotropism ensures access to nutrients, contact with other individuals (e.g., for mating), and interaction with hosts in the case of pathogens. Previous studies have revealed a complex chemotropic sensing landscape during host-pathogen interactions, but the underlying molecular machinery remains poorly characterized. Here we studied mechanisms controlling directed hyphal growth of the important plant-pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae towards different chemoattract…

Tick-borne diseases and co-infection: Current considerations.

Over recent years, a multitude of pathogens have been reported to be tick-borne. Given this, it is unsurprising that these might co-exist within the same tick, however our understanding of the interactions of these agents both within the tick and vertebrate host remains poorly defined. Despite the rich diversity of ticks, relatively few regularly feed on humans, 12 belonging to argasid and 20 ixodid species, and literature on co-infection is only available for a few of these species. The interplay of various pathogen combinations upon the vertebrate host and tick vector represents a current kn

MgrA Governs Adherence, Host Cell Interaction, and Virulence in a Murine Model of Bacteremia Due to Staphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND: MgrA is an important global virulence gene regulator in Staphylococcus aureus. In the present study, the role of mgrA in host-pathogen interactions related to virulence was explored in both methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains. METHODS: In vitro susceptibilities to human defense peptides (HDPs), adherence to fibronectin (Fn) and endothelial cells (ECs), EC damage, α-toxin production, expression of global regulator (eg, agr RNAIII) and its downstream effectors (eg, α-toxin [hla] and Fn binding protein A [fnbA]), MgrA binding to…

Effects of antibiotic resistance (AR) and microbiota shifts on Campylobacter jejuni-mediated diseases.

Campylobacter jejuni is an important zoonotic pathogen recently designated a serious antimicrobial resistant (AR) threat. While most patient … ractions occur when strains are under selection by antimicrobials. More work is needed to elucidate host-pathogen interactions of AR C. jejuni compared with susceptible strains and how AR C. jejuni are maintained and evolve in animal reservoirs and the extent of transmission to humans. These knowledge gaps impair the development of effective strategies to prevent the emerge …

Local Cellular Immune Responses and Pathogenesis of Buruli Ulcer Lesions in the Experimental Mycobacterium Ulcerans Pig Infection Model.

BACKGROUND: Buruli ulcer is a neglected tropical disease of the skin that is caused by infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans. We recently established an experimental pig (Sus scrofa) infection model for Buruli ulcer to investigate host-pathogen interactions, the efficacy of candidate vaccines and of new treatment options. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we have used the model to study pathogenesis and early host-pathogen interactions in the affected porcine skin upon infection with mycolactone-producing and non-producing M. ulcerans strains. Histopathological analyses of nodular lesions …

Recent advances and future directions in understanding and treating Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis.

Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an inflammatory disease that can follow gastrointestinal or genitourinary infections. The primary etiologic agent for post-venereal ReA is the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis; its relative, C pneumoniae, has also been implicated in disease induction although to a lesser degree. Studies have indicated that the arthritis is elicited by chlamydiae infecting synovial tissue in an unusual biologic state designated persistence. We review clinical aspects, host-pathogen interactions, and treatments for the disease. Areas covered: We briefly discuss both the historic and,mo…