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Cannabigerol does not affect contextual fear memory in mice but modulates nociception in a sex-dependent manner.

Conditioned fear is a response to contexts or cues previously paired with aversive stimuli. Substances from the herb Cannabis sativa (phytocannabinoids), such as cannabidiol (CBD), prevent fear responses and hold potential as new treatments for certain psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder. The phytocannabinoid cannabigerol (CBG), similarly to CBD, lacks psychotomimetic effects and targets multiple receptors involved in fear-related pathways. This study tested the hypothesis that CBG inhibits memory acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval/expression in contextual fear…

Unveiling the Role of Pain Catastrophising as a Predictor of Fear of Personal Death amongst Brain Tumour Patients.

OBJECTIVES: According to the National Health Portal, brain cancer is witnessing an upward curve in India. The reports by medical professiona … . Hence, the present study focused on two psychological constructs, namely Pain Catastrophising and Fear of Personal Death. The present research aims to evaluate the relationship between Pain Catastrophising and Fear of Personal Death as well as assess the predictive role of Pain Catastrophising for Fear of Personal Death. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cor …

Exploring the association between sleep and fear extinction learning in adolescents with anxiety and/or OCD: a study protocol.

Pediatric anxiety disorders (including Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) are prevalent and impairing. Youth with anxiety disorders frequently experience sleep disturbances. Exposure, the primary component of gold-standard Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for treating anxiety disorders, works by harnessing fear extinction learning. Given that sleep plays a critical role in the consolidation and retrieval of emotional memories, we hypothesize that shorter sleep quantity and greater sleep disruption are associated with psychophysiological responses indicating reduced fear extinction learning and r…

Hip Muscle Strength and Fear of Movement are Associated with Self-Reported Function in Women with Patellofemoral Pain.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the relationship between self-reported lower extremity function, fear of movement, and quadriceps, hamstring, and hip stabilizer muscle strength in women with patellofemoral pain. METHODS: Fifty-four women (age: 32.59±7.00) were included in the study. We assessed self-reported function with the Lower Extremity Functional Scale and fear of movement with the Tampa Scale for kinesiophobia. The strength of the quadriceps, hamstring, and hip stabilizer muscles was determined with a hand-held dynamometer. Relationships between variables were examined using Pearso…

Who Is Afraid of Romantic Relationships? Relationship Fears and Their Connection with Personal Values and Socio-Demographic Variables.

This study investigates the fears of romantic relationships. Based on Schwartz's theory of values, we built a comprehensive inventory of the fears that young people seeking romantic relationships may experience. We tested the fears' structure and the connections with personal values and socio-demographic variables. The study was conducted in Israel using a community sample of young Jews and Palestinians without romantic partners (n = 1083, 57% female, age 18-30). We discovered ten basic fears clustered into three groups (concerns). The ineptitude concern combines two fears: failing one's partn…

Evaluating the impact of natural and artificial light treatments on fear response and welfare parameters in commercial broilers.

In recent years, there has been a movement driven by consumer demands towards adding windows in broiler houses to allow for natural light during rearing; however, little is currently known about the effects of natural light on bird welfare. The objective of this study was to compare the impact of raising broilers under natural light or artificial light on fear response and welfare parameters. Mixed-sex Ross 708 chicks (N = 704) were housed in 16 rooms (44 birds/room), with 8 rooms per light treatment and raised until 56d of age. Chicks were randomly assigned to one of two light treatments: art…

Investigating health literacy and its associations with fear of childbirth in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study.

Health literacy is crucial for women to access and utilize health information effectively, especially during the pivotal stages of pregnancy and early motherhood. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the relationship between health literacy and fear of childbirth (FOC) among 270 pregnant women attending prenatal clinics in Qom, Iran. Health literacy was assessed using the Health Literacy for Iranian Adults questionnaire, while FOC was measured with the Hartman questionnaire. The results indicated that 29.6% of the participants had limited health literacy, with a significant difference i…

The Effects of Early Life Pain and Juvenile Fear Conditioning on CRF-Receptor Expression in the Amygdala and Hypothalamus.

Early life pain and stress have lasting consequences on nervous system development that can interact with later stress or trauma to create a susceptibility to fear, anxiety, depression and chronic pain among other psychological disorders. Recent work has identified changes in corticotropin releasing factor signaling in limbic system structures, such as the amygdala and hypothalamus, as a key mechanism behind these changes - albeit in a sex-dependent manner. CRF has two major receptors, CRHR1 and CRHR2 which have also been shown to play key roles in fear and pain expression. The current work ex…

Transcriptome Analysis of the Hippocampus in Domestic Laying Hens with Different Fear Responses to the Tonic Immobility Test.

Fear is a critical welfare concern in laying hens. Fearful behaviors in domestic chickens are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, contributing to individual differences in stress responses. Tonic immobility (TI) duration is widely recognized as a reliable indicator of fear levels. The hippocampus, a critical brain region for emotional states, plays a pivotal role in associating fearful experiences with specific stimuli, enabling adaptive behavioral responses. This study investigated hippocampal histological characteristics and transcriptomic profiles in laying hens with diffe…

Symptom distress and fear of progression associated with quality of life in multiple myeloma patients receiving treatment

PURPOSE: Patients undergoing treatment for multiple myeloma (MM), a common hematological malignancy, may experience symptom distress, functional decline, fear of disease progression, and poor quality of life (QOL). This study of MM patients aims to assess patient-reported symptom distress, functional impairment, fear of cancer progression, and QOL and to identify factors associated with QOL. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used consecutive sampling to recruit subjects from inpatient wards and the outpatient departments of hematology and chemotherapy at a medical center in northern Taiwan.…

Influence of pre-acquisition stress on fear learning and regulation as a function of sex and menstrual-cycle groups.

Fear conditioning protocols are widely used to investigate fear learning and regulation, with clinical implications for post-traumatic stress and anxiety disorders. In real-world settings, fear learning often occurs under stress, affecting memory strength and regulation. However, laboratory findings on stress effects remain inconsistent, possibly due to the lack of consideration for sex and menstrual-cycle groups, given sex hormones receptors' abundance in fear- and stress-related brain regions. This study examined the impact of 1) pre-acquisition stress and 2) cortisol reactivity on fear proc…

Perceived fear and exercise difficulty in patients with migraine and their association with psychosocial factors: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Although pharmacological treatments for migraine have advanced, non-pharmacological approaches, such as exercise, offer additional benefits. However, many patients avoid physical activity due to fear of symptom exacerbation. This study aims to identify the most threatening and difficult exercises for patients with migraine and examine the relationship between exercise perceptions and factors such as physical activity levels, kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, and self-efficacy. METHODS: This cross-sectional study explored the perceived fear and difficulty of nine exercises shown via vid…

Clinical features and genetic mechanisms of anxiety, fear, and avoidance: A comprehensive review of five anxiety disorders.

Anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder (SAD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), agoraphobia (AG), and specific phobia (SP), are characterized by core features of excessive anxiety and fear. Furthermore, these disorders are often accompanied by avoidance behaviors. While avoidance is a common behavioral response, it may be a consequence of or a cocontributor to the anxiety and fear driving these disorders. This narrative review integrates the interactions among anxiety, fear, and avoidance behaviors across these five disorders and synthesizes findings from c…

Клинические и психологические факторы, связанные со страхом рецидива у людей с множественным склерозом: перекрестное исследование.

Боязнь рецидива (ФОР) является одной из основных психологических проблем у людей с повторно излучающимся множественным склерозом (PwRRMS). Она имеет катастрофические последствия для соблюдения курса лечения, качества жизни (QoL) и клинического курса. Хотя этот вопрос тесно связан с психосоциальными аспектами, он не получил широкого изучения, несмотря на его общее воздействие на управление состоянием здоровья. Детерминанты ФОР имеют жизненно важное значение для оптимизации терапевтического вмешательства в целях обеспечения благосостояния пациентов. МЕТОДЫ: Настоящее перекрестное исследование, п

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BACKGROUND: Fear of relapse (FoR) is one of the main psychological concerns in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (PwRRMS). It has disastrous consequences on treatment adherence, quality of life (QoL), and clinical course. Although the issue is closely linked to psychosocial aspects, it is not widely explored despite its overall impact on man…

Determining the Effect of Psychological Resilience on Death, the Fear of Death, and Death Acceptance in Nursing Students in Turkey.

This study will investigate the effects of psychological resilience on death, fear of death and acceptance of death in nursing students. This study was descriptive and cross-sectional. The sample of the study consisted of 270 students who voluntarily participated. The data were collected using a descriptive characteristics questionnaire, the resilience scale for adults (RSA) and the multidimensional orientation to death and dying inventory MODDI-F. A positive and significant correlation was found between the Acceptance Subscale, RSA and MODDI-F subscale scores. Nursing students' attitudes towa…

Alterations in fear learning as a mechanism linking childhood exposure to violence with PTSD symptoms: a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Fear learning is a core component of conceptual models of how adverse experiences may influence psychopathology. Specifically, existing theories posit that childhood experiences involving childhood trauma are associated with altered fear learning processes, while experiences involving deprivation are not. Several studies have found altered fear acquisition in youth exposed to trauma, but not deprivation, although the specific patterns have varied across studies. The present study utilizes a longitudinal sample of children with variability in adversity experiences to examine associa…

ErbB4 precludes the occurrence of PTSD-like fear responses by supporting the bimodal activity of the central amygdala.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often arises after exposure to traumatic events and is characterized by dysregulated fear responses. Although the associations of erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ErbB4) with various neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, have been widely examined, the physiological roles of ErbB4 in PTSD and fear responses remain unclear. Using Cre-dependent ErbB4 knockout (KO) mice, we observed that PTSD-like fear behaviors emerged in ErbB4-deficient mice, particularly in inhibitory neurons. Specifically, the loss of ErbB4 in somatosta…

A systematic approach to identify gaps in neuroimmunology: TNF-α and fear learning deficits, a worked example.

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders is linked to an altered immune system. However, it is often unclear how the immune system specifically affects these disorders since neuroimmune interactions are very complex. In this paper, we introduce an adjusted version of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) approach from toxicology to the field of neuroimmunology. A review of the effect of TNF-α on fear learning deficits is used as a worked example to demonstrate how an AOP approach can help identify gaps of knowledge and crucial steps in the pathoph…

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Related to the Fear of Internet Use: A Case Study.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder's (OCD's) symptomatology appears to evolve with modern developments, with recent reports highlighting the influence of modern technologies (e.g., the Internet); for instance, some OCD cases are characterised by an excessive fear of Internet use. Meanwhile, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying dysfunctional thoughts, behaviours, and emotions, and has proven effective for various psychological issues, including OCD; however, research on OCD related to the fear of Internet use and its treatment remains limited. The …

Fears of positive and negative evaluation and their within-person associations with emotion regulation in adolescence: A longitudinal analysis.

Fear of positive evaluation (FPE) has recently emerged as an important aspect of social anxiety, alongside fear of negative evaluation. These evaluation fears peak during adolescence, a developmental stage that is also often accompanied by difficulties in emotion regulation, thereby increasing young individuals' vulnerability to mental disorders, such as social anxiety. We aimed to examine the longitudinal within-person associations between fears of evaluation, social anxiety, and three emotion regulation strategies (i.e., acceptance, suppression, rumination) in adolescents. Data were collecte…